Unraveling natural aging-induced properties change of sludge-derived hydrochar and enhanced cadmium sorption site heterogeneity

Hydrochar has potential applications in soil improvement and heavy metal remediation.Hydrochar would undergo the process of aging when introduced into the soil,altering its properties.However,recent studies have focused mainly on the artificial aging of hydrochar,which could not reveal the cumulative effect of multiple environmental factors.Therefore,the periodical monitoring of the property and sorption behavior of hydrochar after amending soils is necessary to better understand the multifaceted mechanisms associated with the natural aging of hydrochar.This study selected the sludge-derived hydrochar(SLHC)as a typical hydrochar and applied a 16-month rice-wheat-rice rotation to mimic the natural aging of hydrochar,focusing on changing properties and cadmium(Cd)sorption and literature contrast between aging strategies and biochar types.The porosity,O abundance,and ash content of 16-month aged SLHC increased by 37%,47%,and 8.5%,respectively,facilitating Cd sorption due to surface complexation,pore sorption,and precipitation.The sorption percentage of Cd to SLHC was in the range of 11-14%for SLHC-A0 and increased to 17-31%for SLHC-A4 and 20-32%for SLHC-A16 after natural aging.The natural aging of SLHC induced by ash content played an essential role in Cd sorption site heterogeneity.Linear regression analysis showed that aging strategies on sorption behavior significantly differed between biochars.Thus,studies involving natural aging with multiple environmental factors are preferred over those involving chemical or biological aging.Future studies should continue to explore the mechanisms of natural aging-induced heavy metal sorption between hydrochar and pyrochar.These results improve insights to appraise the potential of SLHC as soil amendments to alleviate the adverse effects of heavy metal contamination and provide an essential basis for researchers and staff in soil management and environmental prevention.

Phosphorus Use Efficiency of Bio-Based Fertilizers:Bioavailability and Fractionation

Although to date some technologies producing bio-based phosphorus(P) fertilizers have been proposed and implemented, the efficient use of the recovered products is still limited due to legislative constraints and lack of insights in the P release with time and in the corresponding mechanisms. The aim of this work was to evaluate the fertilizer performance in terms of P release and use efficiency of recovered struvite, FePO_4-sludge, digestate, and animal manure as compared to fossil reserve-based mineral triple superphosphate(TSP). First, product physicochemical characteristics and P fractions in the context of European fertilizer legislation were assessed. Next, a controlled greenhouse experiment was set up to evaluate plant reactions as well as changes of P availability in a sandy soil with high P status and a Rheinsand soil with low P status. Soil P fractions were determined in the extracts with water, ammonium lactate and CaCl_2, and in soil solution sampled with Rhizon soil moisture samplers. Based on all results, it is worth conducting long-term field trials to evaluate the P release effect of struvite and digestate as compared to animal manure and TSP on different soil types with varying P status. These products showed promise as sustainable substitutes for conventional P fertilizers and could contribute to a more efficient use of P in agriculture. A refined classification of P application standards/recommendations in terms of soil P status, soil texture, and fertilizer characteristics, next to the crop P demand, is recommended. Moreover, the additional use of Rhizon samplers for determination of direct available P, including dissolved organic P, is proposed for better understanding and categorization of different P fertilizers in environmental and fertilizer legislations.