减少能源转换损耗和提高能效是人们的不懈追求,新的宽带隙(WBG)半导体是一个切实可靠的节能降耗解决方案,可以通过系统方式减少碳足迹来减轻技术对环境的影响。例如,我们最新的650 V、750 V和1,200 V STPOWER系列碳化硅MOSFET晶体管,可...减少能源转换损耗和提高能效是人们的不懈追求,新的宽带隙(WBG)半导体是一个切实可靠的节能降耗解决方案,可以通过系统方式减少碳足迹来减轻技术对环境的影响。例如,我们最新的650 V、750 V和1,200 V STPOWER系列碳化硅MOSFET晶体管,可以让设计人员开发续航里程更长的电动汽车动力总成系统。更高的能效可以大幅简化冷却系统设计。展开更多
Parasitoid wasp communities of the canopy of temperate forests are still largely unexplored. Very little is known about the community composition ofparasitoids between canopy and understory and how much of this differ...Parasitoid wasp communities of the canopy of temperate forests are still largely unexplored. Very little is known about the community composition ofparasitoids between canopy and understory and how much of this difference is related to forest structure or parasitoid biological strategies. In this study we investigated upon the difference in the community composition of the parasitic wasps Ichneumonidae between canopy and understory in a lowland temperate forest in northern Italy. We used general linear models to test whether parasitic strategy modifies species vertical stratification and the effect of forest structure. We also tested differences in β-diversity between canopy and understory traps and over time within single forest layers. We found that stand basal area was positively related to species richness, suggesting that the presence of mature trees can influence local wasp diversity, providing a higher number of microhabitats and hosts. The ichneumonid community of the canopy was different from that of the understory, and theβ-diversity analysis showed higher values for the canopy, due to a higher degree of species turnover between traps. In our analyses, the vertical stratification was different between groups of ichneumonids sharing different parasitic strategies. Idiobiont parasitoids of weakly or deeply concealed hosts were more diverse in the understory than in the canopy while parasitoids of spiders were equally distributed between the two layers. Even though the ichneumonid community was not particularly species-rich in the canopy of the temperate forests, the extension of sampling to that habitat significantly increased the number of species recorded.展开更多
文摘减少能源转换损耗和提高能效是人们的不懈追求,新的宽带隙(WBG)半导体是一个切实可靠的节能降耗解决方案,可以通过系统方式减少碳足迹来减轻技术对环境的影响。例如,我们最新的650 V、750 V和1,200 V STPOWER系列碳化硅MOSFET晶体管,可以让设计人员开发续航里程更长的电动汽车动力总成系统。更高的能效可以大幅简化冷却系统设计。
文摘Parasitoid wasp communities of the canopy of temperate forests are still largely unexplored. Very little is known about the community composition ofparasitoids between canopy and understory and how much of this difference is related to forest structure or parasitoid biological strategies. In this study we investigated upon the difference in the community composition of the parasitic wasps Ichneumonidae between canopy and understory in a lowland temperate forest in northern Italy. We used general linear models to test whether parasitic strategy modifies species vertical stratification and the effect of forest structure. We also tested differences in β-diversity between canopy and understory traps and over time within single forest layers. We found that stand basal area was positively related to species richness, suggesting that the presence of mature trees can influence local wasp diversity, providing a higher number of microhabitats and hosts. The ichneumonid community of the canopy was different from that of the understory, and theβ-diversity analysis showed higher values for the canopy, due to a higher degree of species turnover between traps. In our analyses, the vertical stratification was different between groups of ichneumonids sharing different parasitic strategies. Idiobiont parasitoids of weakly or deeply concealed hosts were more diverse in the understory than in the canopy while parasitoids of spiders were equally distributed between the two layers. Even though the ichneumonid community was not particularly species-rich in the canopy of the temperate forests, the extension of sampling to that habitat significantly increased the number of species recorded.
