Evaluating the Effects of Graviton Redshift upon Spiral Galaxy Rotation Curves, Surface Brightness Magnitudes and Gravitational Lensing

The effects of the gravitational redshift of gravitons upon spiral galaxy rotation energy are compared to the standard mass to light analyses in obtaining rotation curves. The derivation of the total baryonic matter compares well with the standard theory and the rotation velocity is matched to a high precision. The stellar mass distributions obtained from the fit with graviton energy loss are used to derive the surface brightness magnitudes for the galaxies, which agree well with the observed measurements. In a new field of investigation, the graviton theory is applied to the observations of gravitational lenses. The results of these applications of the theory suggest that it can augment the standard methods and may eliminate the need for dark matter.

New Insights into the Action of Gravitons in Spiral Galaxies

New details of the action of gravitons in spiral galaxies are described. The effect of the graviton energy loss is hypothesized to be coupled to the baryon mass in the galaxy. From this relation, it follows that the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation is applicable to not just the final velocity of the galaxy but also to the rotational velocity at each radial position. In addition, a quadratic equation for the baryonic mass distribution is derived from the equation of motion. These results are demonstrated by making fits to galaxy rotation curves using a mass to light ratio model as well as the quadratic model for the mass distribution.

Theory of Gravitons in Spiral and Dwarf Galaxy Rotation Curves

We hypothesize that gravitons contribute significantly to the process that flattens galaxy rotation curves. Gravitons travelling against a gravitational field experience an energy loss due to gravitational redshift identical to the effect on light. This energy loss requires an increased rotational velocity to stabilize a galaxy. We will show that this approach successfully explains the rotational properties of spiral and dwarf galaxies.

The Theory of Gravitons in the Expansion of the Universe

The theory that gravitons lose energy thru gravitational redshift while traveling in a gravitational field is applied to the universe. It is proposed that a co-moving volume element is required for the luminosity distance relation because the gravitational field acts simultaneously in three dimensions rather than just along a geodesic curve. With only a relatively small baryonic mass density the curve fit of the novel luminosity distance relation to Type Ia supernovae distance data is of the same quality as for the standard Lambda Cold Dark Matter model.

Cosmic Time Transformations in Cosmological Relativity

The relativity of cosmic time is developed within the framework of Cosmological Relativity in five dimensions of space, time and velocity. A general linearized metric element is defined to have the form , where the coordinates are time , radial distance for spatials x, y and z, and velocity v, with c the speed of light in vacuum and t the Hubble-Carmeli time constant. The metric is accurate to first order in and v/c . The fields and are general functions of the coordinates. By showing that =, a metric of the form is obtained from the general metric, implying that the universe is flat. For cosmological redshift z, the luminosity distance relation is used to fit combined distance moduli from Type 1a supernovae up to z is obtained for the matter density parameter at the present epoch. Assuming a baryon density of , a rest mass energy of (9.79+ 0.47) GeV is predicted for the anti-baryonic and the particles which decay from a hypothetical particle. The cosmic aging function makes good fits to light curve data from two reports of Type 1a supernovae and in fitting to simulated quasar like light curve power spectra separated by redshift . We determine the multipole of the first acoustic peak of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation anisotropy to be and a sound horizon of on today’s sky.

Particle Pair Production in Cosmological General Relativity—Redux

We model the universe on the interaction of two cosmic particles based on the Cosmological General Relativity (CGR) of Carmeli and obtain a theoretical value for the Hubble constant h at zero distance and no gravity. CGR is a 5-dimensional theory of time t, space x, y, z and velocity v. A minimum cosmic acceleration a0=dv/dt=c/τ results from a linearized version of CGR, where c is the vacuum speed of light and τ is the Hubble-Carmeli time constant. The force due to the Carmeli acceleration a0 counteracts the Newtonian gravitational force between the two particles. Each particle is unstable and disintegrates into baryons, leptons and radiation. By the uniform expansion of the black body radiation field, we obtain the expression , where A is a constant, T0 is the temperature of the cosmic microwave background black body, Ωbphys is the physical baryon density parameter and pc?≈3.086×1018cm·pc-1. Using standard values for T0 and Ωbphys we obtain a value τ=(4.15121±0.00206) ×1017s, which gives a value for the Hubble constant at zero distance and no gravity of h=1/τ=(74.33982±0.03694)km·s-1·Mpc-1. From the value for τ, we get the age of the universe of (13.15467 ± 0.00653) × 109 years.

How the Redshift of Gravitons Explains Dark Matter and Dark Energy

The theory that gravitons lose energy by way of gravitational redshift while traveling in a gravitational field is applied to the expansion of the universe and to spiral and dwarf galaxy rotation curves using General Relativity. This is a graviton self interaction model which derives an expansion equation which is identical in form to the standard Lambda Cold Dark Matter model. In the domain of galaxies, spiral and dwarf galaxy rotation curves are matched using only baryonic mass. Thus, the requirement for dark matter and dark energy in the universe is replaced by this paradigm.

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis in Carmeli Cosmology—Mass Density, Temperature and Expansion Rate of the Early Universe

The Carmeli Cosmological Special Relativity theory (CSR) is used to study the universe at early times after the big bang. The universe temperature vs. time relation is developed from the mass density relation. It is shown that CSR is well suited to analyze the nucleosynthesis of the light elements up to beryllium, equivalent to the standard model.

Binary Star System Decay by Graviton Interaction

The action of gravitons in a binary star system is modelled as the locus of points on an ellipse synchronous to the elliptic orbit of the binary star. In their interaction between the masses in the system the rotational energy of the gravitons is reduced by gravitational redshift, which accounts for the decay of the binary star orbital period. This model is able to fit a broad range of eccentricities of binary pulsar orbits and orbital period decay comparable to the General Relativistic gravitational wave model.