The early development of the endosperm is crucial for balancing the allocation of maternal nutrients to offspring.This process is believed to be evolutionarily associated with genomic imprinting,resulting in parentall...The early development of the endosperm is crucial for balancing the allocation of maternal nutrients to offspring.This process is believed to be evolutionarily associated with genomic imprinting,resulting in parentally biased allelic gene expression.Beyond Fertilization Independent Seed(FIS)genes,the number of imprinted genes involved in early endosperm development and seed size determination remains limited.This study introduces early endosperm-expressed HAIKU(IKU)downstream Candidate F-box 1(ICF1)and ICF2 as maternally expressed imprinted genes(MEGs)in Arabidopsis thaliana.Although these genes are also demethylated by DEMETER(DME)in the central cell,their activation differs from the direct DME-mediated activation seen in classical MEGs such as the FIS genes.Instead,ICF maternal alleles carry pre-established hypomethylation in their promoters,priming them for activation by the WRKY10 transcription factor in the endosperm.On the contrary,paternal alleles are predominantly suppressed by CG methylation.Furthermore,we find that ICF genes partially contribute to the small seed size observed in iku mutants.Our discovery reveals a two-step regulatory mechanism that highlights the important role of conventional transcription factors in the activation of imprinted genes,which was previously not fully recognized.Therefore,the mechanism provides a new dimension to understand the transcriptional regulation of imprinting in plant reproduction and development.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570322)。
文摘The early development of the endosperm is crucial for balancing the allocation of maternal nutrients to offspring.This process is believed to be evolutionarily associated with genomic imprinting,resulting in parentally biased allelic gene expression.Beyond Fertilization Independent Seed(FIS)genes,the number of imprinted genes involved in early endosperm development and seed size determination remains limited.This study introduces early endosperm-expressed HAIKU(IKU)downstream Candidate F-box 1(ICF1)and ICF2 as maternally expressed imprinted genes(MEGs)in Arabidopsis thaliana.Although these genes are also demethylated by DEMETER(DME)in the central cell,their activation differs from the direct DME-mediated activation seen in classical MEGs such as the FIS genes.Instead,ICF maternal alleles carry pre-established hypomethylation in their promoters,priming them for activation by the WRKY10 transcription factor in the endosperm.On the contrary,paternal alleles are predominantly suppressed by CG methylation.Furthermore,we find that ICF genes partially contribute to the small seed size observed in iku mutants.Our discovery reveals a two-step regulatory mechanism that highlights the important role of conventional transcription factors in the activation of imprinted genes,which was previously not fully recognized.Therefore,the mechanism provides a new dimension to understand the transcriptional regulation of imprinting in plant reproduction and development.
