Background:Emerging research supports the idea that exercise positively affects neurodevelopment.However,the mechanisms linking exercise with brain health are largely unknown.We aimed to investigate the effect of exer...Background:Emerging research supports the idea that exercise positively affects neurodevelopment.However,the mechanisms linking exercise with brain health are largely unknown.We aimed to investigate the effect of exercise on(a)blood biomarkers selected based on previous evidence(brainderived neurotrophic factor,β-hydroxybutyrate(BHB),cathepsin B(CTSB),kynurenine,fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21),soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(sVCAM-1));and(b)a panel of 92 neurology-related proteins(discovery analysis).We also investigated whether changes in these biomarkers mediate the effects of exercise on brain health(hippocampal structure and function,cognitive performance,and mental health).Methods:We randomized 81 overweight/obese children(10.1±1.1 years,41%girls)into 2 groups:either 20 weeks of aerobic plus resistance exercise or control.Candidate biomarkers were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)for kynurenine,FGF21,and CTSB;colorimetry forβ-hydroxybutyrate;and XMap for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.The92 neurology-related proteins were analyzed by an antibody-based proteomic analysis.Results:Our intervention had no significant effect on candidate biomarkers(all p>0.05).In the discovery analysis,a reduction in circulating macrophage scavenger receptor type-I was observed(standardized differences between groups=-0.3,p=0.001).This effect was validated using ELISA methods(standardized difference=-0.3,p=0.01).None of the biomarkers mediated the effects of exercise on brain health.Conclusions:Our study does not support a chronic effect of exercise on candidate biomarkers.We observed that while chronic exercise reduced the levels of macrophage scavenger receptor type-Ⅰ,it did not mediate the effects of exercise on brain health.Future studies should explore the implications of this novel biomarker for overall health.展开更多
Purpose: This study aims to compare adolescents' cardiometabolic risk score through an integrative classification of physical activity(PA),which involves the combination of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(M...Purpose: This study aims to compare adolescents' cardiometabolic risk score through an integrative classification of physical activity(PA),which involves the combination of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA) and sedentary behavior(SB).Methods: A cross-sectional study derived from the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Cross-Sectional Study database(2006-2008) was conducted in adolescents(n = 548; boys, 47.3%; 14.7 ± 1.2 years) from 10 European cities. MVPA and SB were objectively measured using accelerometry. Adolescents were divided into 4 categories according to MVPA(meeting or not meeting the international recommendations) and the median of SB time(above or below sex-and age-specific median) as follows: High-SB & Inactive, Low-SB & Inactive,High-SB & Active, and Low-SB & Active. A clustered cardiometabolic risk score was computed using the homeostatic model assessment, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, sum 4 skinfolds, and cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF).Analyses of covariance were performed to discern differences on cardiometabolic risk scores among PA categories and each health component.Results: The cardiometabolic risk score was lower in adolescents meeting the MVPA recommendation and with less time spent in SB in comparison to the high-SB & Inactive group(p < 0.05). However, no difference in cardiometabolic risk score was established between High-SB or Low-SB groups in inactive adolescents. It is important to note that CRF was the only variable that showed a significant modification(higher)when children were compared from the category of physically inactive with "active" but not from high-to low-SB.Conclusion: Being physically active is the most significant and protective outcome in adolescents to reduce cardiometabolic risk. Lower SB does not exhibit a significant and extra beneficial difference.展开更多
Purpose:This study was aimed to analyze the mediation role of cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF)on the association between fatness and cardiometabolic risk scores(CMRs)in European adolescents.Methods:A cross-sectional stu...Purpose:This study was aimed to analyze the mediation role of cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF)on the association between fatness and cardiometabolic risk scores(CMRs)in European adolescents.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in adolescents(n=525;46%boys;14.1±1.1 years old,mean ±SD)from 10 European cities involved in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study.CRF was measured by means of the shuttle run test,while fatness measures included body mass index(BMI),waist to height ratio,and fat mass index estimated from skinfold thicknesses.A clustered CMRs was computed by summing the standardized values of homeostasis model assessment,systolic blood pressure,triglycerides,total cholesterol/highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol ratio,and leptin.Results:Linear regression models indicated that CRF acted as an important and partial mediator in the association between fatness and CMRs in 1217-year-old adolescents(for BMI:coefficients of the indirect role b=0.058(95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.023-0.101),Sobel test z=3.11(10.0%mediation);for waist to height ratio:b=4.279(95%CI:2.242-7.059),z=3.86(11.5%mediation);and for fat mass index:b=0.060(95%CI:0.020-0.106),z=2.85(9.4%mediation);all p<0.01).Conclusion:In adolescents,the association between fatness and CMRs could be partially decreased with improvements to fitness levels;therefore,CRF contribution both in the clinical field and public health could be important to consider and promote in adolescents independently of their fatness levels.展开更多
Soccer is a very popular team sport that involves a variety of physical actions,such as sprints,accelerations,sudden decelera-tions,and jumps,among others.Research has placed recreational soccer in a good position as ...Soccer is a very popular team sport that involves a variety of physical actions,such as sprints,accelerations,sudden decelera-tions,and jumps,among others.Research has placed recreational soccer in a good position as a strategy to increase physical activity levels and promote health across the lifespan.In this regard,recreational(non-competitive)soccer promotes social interaction and has the potential to increase long-term adherence to physical activity,even in those without prior experience in this sport.In this narrative review,we address the effects of recreational soccer on various health outcomes across the lifespan(i.e.,from childhood to the elderly years)in both sexes.In addition,the beneficial effects of recreational soccer for people with prevalent pathologies,such as hypertension,type II diabetes mellitus,and cancer,are discussed.展开更多
Background Low-intensity resistance training(LI-RT)combined with blood flow restriction(BFR)is an alternative to traditional moderate-high-intensity resistance training to increase strength and muscle mass.However,the...Background Low-intensity resistance training(LI-RT)combined with blood flow restriction(BFR)is an alternative to traditional moderate-high-intensity resistance training to increase strength and muscle mass.However,the evidence about the efficacy of this novel training method to increase strength and muscle mass in healthy and older adults with patholo-gies is limited.Furthermore,the possible risk and adverse effects with BFR training methodology in older adults should be considered.Objectives(1)To summarize the current evidence on training with BFR strategies in older adults aiming to improve strength and to increase muscle mass;and(2)to provide recommendations for resistance and aerobic training with BFR in older adults based on the studies reviewed.Methods Studies that investigated the chronic responses to resistance training or aerobic training with BFR related to strength and muscle mass changes in older adults were identified.Two independent researchers conducted the search in PubMed,Web of Science,and Google Scholar databases from their inception up to November 1,2018.Results Seventeen out of 35 studies,which performed resistance or aerobic training with BFR in older adults focused on strength and muscle mass outcomes,were included in this review.Studies performing resistance and aerobic train-ing with BFR found better improvements in strength and higher increase in muscle mass compared to non-BFR groups that performed the same training protocol.High-intensity resistance training(HI-RT)without BFR provided greater improvements in strength and a similar increase in muscle mass compared to light-intensity resistance training(LI-RT)with BFR.Conclusions Current evidence suggests that LI-RT and/or aerobic training with BFR improves strength and increases muscle mass in older people.Light-intensity training without BFR would normally not obtain such benefits.Therefore,LI-RT and aerobic training with BFR is an alternative to traditional methods to improve strength and by way of an increase in muscle mass,which are important in the elderly who have progressive muscle atrophy and are at higher risk of falls.展开更多
基金supported primarily by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness((MINECO),DEP2017-91544-EXP)the Alicia Koplowitz Foundation+13 种基金supported by additional grants from MINECO(DEP2013-47540,DEP2016-79512-R,PID2020-120249RB-I00)the European Regional Development Fund(ERDF,FEDER in Spanish)the European Commission(No.667302)Further funding was obtained from the Andalusian Operational Programme supported by the ERDF(B-CTS-355-UGR18,B-CTS-500-UGR18 and A-CTS-614-UGR20)partially funded by the University of Granada,Plan Propio de Investigación 2016,Excellence actions:Units of ExcellenceUnit of Excellence on Exercise and Health(UCEES)and by the Regional Government of Andalusia,Regional Ministry of Knowledge,Science,and Universities and the ERDF(SOMM17/6107/UGR)supported by the School of Medicine,Complutense University of Madrid,Mother-Child Health and Development Network(Red SAMID)Ⅲnetwork,Redes temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud(RETICS),funded by the PN I+D+I 20172021(Spain)funded by the Ramón Areces Foundation.AMG is supported by FPU16/03653supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation(RYC2019-027287-I)supported by a grant from Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo(No.72180543)from Chilethrough a Margarita Salas grant from the Spanish Ministry Universitiessupported by MINECO and ERDF(grants RYC-2016-21199 and SAF2017-87526-R)the Junta de Andalucia(PAIDI P20_00158,PAIDI P20_00124)supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education,Culture and Sport(FPU 16/02760)。
文摘Background:Emerging research supports the idea that exercise positively affects neurodevelopment.However,the mechanisms linking exercise with brain health are largely unknown.We aimed to investigate the effect of exercise on(a)blood biomarkers selected based on previous evidence(brainderived neurotrophic factor,β-hydroxybutyrate(BHB),cathepsin B(CTSB),kynurenine,fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21),soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(sVCAM-1));and(b)a panel of 92 neurology-related proteins(discovery analysis).We also investigated whether changes in these biomarkers mediate the effects of exercise on brain health(hippocampal structure and function,cognitive performance,and mental health).Methods:We randomized 81 overweight/obese children(10.1±1.1 years,41%girls)into 2 groups:either 20 weeks of aerobic plus resistance exercise or control.Candidate biomarkers were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)for kynurenine,FGF21,and CTSB;colorimetry forβ-hydroxybutyrate;and XMap for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.The92 neurology-related proteins were analyzed by an antibody-based proteomic analysis.Results:Our intervention had no significant effect on candidate biomarkers(all p>0.05).In the discovery analysis,a reduction in circulating macrophage scavenger receptor type-I was observed(standardized differences between groups=-0.3,p=0.001).This effect was validated using ELISA methods(standardized difference=-0.3,p=0.01).None of the biomarkers mediated the effects of exercise on brain health.Conclusions:Our study does not support a chronic effect of exercise on candidate biomarkers.We observed that while chronic exercise reduced the levels of macrophage scavenger receptor type-Ⅰ,it did not mediate the effects of exercise on brain health.Future studies should explore the implications of this novel biomarker for overall health.
基金supported by the European Community Sixth RTD Framework Programme (contract FOOD-CT-2005-007034)supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Grants RYC-2010-05957 and RYC-2011-09011)+3 种基金the Spanish Ministry of Health: Maternal, Child Health and Development Network (Grants RD08/0072 and RD16/0022)the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (MICINN-FEDER)the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions:Units of ExcellenceUnit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES)
文摘Purpose: This study aims to compare adolescents' cardiometabolic risk score through an integrative classification of physical activity(PA),which involves the combination of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA) and sedentary behavior(SB).Methods: A cross-sectional study derived from the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Cross-Sectional Study database(2006-2008) was conducted in adolescents(n = 548; boys, 47.3%; 14.7 ± 1.2 years) from 10 European cities. MVPA and SB were objectively measured using accelerometry. Adolescents were divided into 4 categories according to MVPA(meeting or not meeting the international recommendations) and the median of SB time(above or below sex-and age-specific median) as follows: High-SB & Inactive, Low-SB & Inactive,High-SB & Active, and Low-SB & Active. A clustered cardiometabolic risk score was computed using the homeostatic model assessment, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, sum 4 skinfolds, and cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF).Analyses of covariance were performed to discern differences on cardiometabolic risk scores among PA categories and each health component.Results: The cardiometabolic risk score was lower in adolescents meeting the MVPA recommendation and with less time spent in SB in comparison to the high-SB & Inactive group(p < 0.05). However, no difference in cardiometabolic risk score was established between High-SB or Low-SB groups in inactive adolescents. It is important to note that CRF was the only variable that showed a significant modification(higher)when children were compared from the category of physically inactive with "active" but not from high-to low-SB.Conclusion: Being physically active is the most significant and protective outcome in adolescents to reduce cardiometabolic risk. Lower SB does not exhibit a significant and extra beneficial difference.
文摘Purpose:This study was aimed to analyze the mediation role of cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF)on the association between fatness and cardiometabolic risk scores(CMRs)in European adolescents.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in adolescents(n=525;46%boys;14.1±1.1 years old,mean ±SD)from 10 European cities involved in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study.CRF was measured by means of the shuttle run test,while fatness measures included body mass index(BMI),waist to height ratio,and fat mass index estimated from skinfold thicknesses.A clustered CMRs was computed by summing the standardized values of homeostasis model assessment,systolic blood pressure,triglycerides,total cholesterol/highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol ratio,and leptin.Results:Linear regression models indicated that CRF acted as an important and partial mediator in the association between fatness and CMRs in 1217-year-old adolescents(for BMI:coefficients of the indirect role b=0.058(95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.023-0.101),Sobel test z=3.11(10.0%mediation);for waist to height ratio:b=4.279(95%CI:2.242-7.059),z=3.86(11.5%mediation);and for fat mass index:b=0.060(95%CI:0.020-0.106),z=2.85(9.4%mediation);all p<0.01).Conclusion:In adolescents,the association between fatness and CMRs could be partially decreased with improvements to fitness levels;therefore,CRF contribution both in the clinical field and public health could be important to consider and promote in adolescents independently of their fatness levels.
基金F.B.O.Research activity is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness-MINECO/FEDER(DEP2016-79512-R)the University of Granada,Plan Propio de Investigación 2016,Excellence actions:Units of Excellence,Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health(UCEES)+2 种基金the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 667302the SAMID III network,RETICS,funded by the PN I+D+I 2017-2021(Spain)L.G.M.is funded by Programa de Captación de Talento-UGR Fellows,from the University of Granada,Spain.J.M.G.is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education,Culture and Sport(FPU14/06837).
文摘Soccer is a very popular team sport that involves a variety of physical actions,such as sprints,accelerations,sudden decelera-tions,and jumps,among others.Research has placed recreational soccer in a good position as a strategy to increase physical activity levels and promote health across the lifespan.In this regard,recreational(non-competitive)soccer promotes social interaction and has the potential to increase long-term adherence to physical activity,even in those without prior experience in this sport.In this narrative review,we address the effects of recreational soccer on various health outcomes across the lifespan(i.e.,from childhood to the elderly years)in both sexes.In addition,the beneficial effects of recreational soccer for people with prevalent pathologies,such as hypertension,type II diabetes mellitus,and cancer,are discussed.
基金supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy,Industry and Competitiveness(BES-2014-068829)supported by the Spanish Min istry of Education,Culture and Sport(FPU 16/02760,FPU15/02645,and FPU14/06837,respectively)+7 种基金supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science,Innovation and Universities(RYC-2011-09011)supported by a grant from the Alicia Kop lowitz Foundationsupported by the National Operational Programme on Youth EmploymentAdditional support was obtained from the Scientific Excellence Unit on Exercise and Health(UCEES)EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health in Spe-cial Populations(DEP2005-00046/ACTI)funded by the University of Granada,Research and Knowledge Transfer Fund 2016,Excellence actions:Scientific Units of Excel-lenceUnit of Excellence on Exercise and Health(UCEES)by the Andalusian Regional Government,Consejeria de Conocimiento,Investigacion y Universidades and European Regional Development Fund(ERDF),ref.SOMM17/6107/UGR.
文摘Background Low-intensity resistance training(LI-RT)combined with blood flow restriction(BFR)is an alternative to traditional moderate-high-intensity resistance training to increase strength and muscle mass.However,the evidence about the efficacy of this novel training method to increase strength and muscle mass in healthy and older adults with patholo-gies is limited.Furthermore,the possible risk and adverse effects with BFR training methodology in older adults should be considered.Objectives(1)To summarize the current evidence on training with BFR strategies in older adults aiming to improve strength and to increase muscle mass;and(2)to provide recommendations for resistance and aerobic training with BFR in older adults based on the studies reviewed.Methods Studies that investigated the chronic responses to resistance training or aerobic training with BFR related to strength and muscle mass changes in older adults were identified.Two independent researchers conducted the search in PubMed,Web of Science,and Google Scholar databases from their inception up to November 1,2018.Results Seventeen out of 35 studies,which performed resistance or aerobic training with BFR in older adults focused on strength and muscle mass outcomes,were included in this review.Studies performing resistance and aerobic train-ing with BFR found better improvements in strength and higher increase in muscle mass compared to non-BFR groups that performed the same training protocol.High-intensity resistance training(HI-RT)without BFR provided greater improvements in strength and a similar increase in muscle mass compared to light-intensity resistance training(LI-RT)with BFR.Conclusions Current evidence suggests that LI-RT and/or aerobic training with BFR improves strength and increases muscle mass in older people.Light-intensity training without BFR would normally not obtain such benefits.Therefore,LI-RT and aerobic training with BFR is an alternative to traditional methods to improve strength and by way of an increase in muscle mass,which are important in the elderly who have progressive muscle atrophy and are at higher risk of falls.