Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem with increasing prevalence at a global level.The discovery of insulin in the early 1900 s represented a major breakthrough in diabetes management,with further milestones bei...Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem with increasing prevalence at a global level.The discovery of insulin in the early 1900 s represented a major breakthrough in diabetes management,with further milestones being subsequently achieved with the identification of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)and the introduction of GLP-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1 RAs)in clinical practice.Moreover,the subcutaneous delivery of biotherapeutics is a well-established route of administration generally preferred over the intravenous route due to better patient compliance and prolonged drug absorption.However,current subcutaneous formulations of GLP-1 RAs present pharmacokinetic problems that lead to adverse reactions and treatment discontinuation.In this review,we discuss the current challenges of subcutaneous administration of peptide-based therapeutics and provide an overview of the formulations available for the different routes of administration with improved bioavailability and reduced frequency of administration.展开更多
基金funded by Xunta de Galicia grant number GRC2013/015 and GPC2017/015(Spain)。
文摘Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem with increasing prevalence at a global level.The discovery of insulin in the early 1900 s represented a major breakthrough in diabetes management,with further milestones being subsequently achieved with the identification of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)and the introduction of GLP-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1 RAs)in clinical practice.Moreover,the subcutaneous delivery of biotherapeutics is a well-established route of administration generally preferred over the intravenous route due to better patient compliance and prolonged drug absorption.However,current subcutaneous formulations of GLP-1 RAs present pharmacokinetic problems that lead to adverse reactions and treatment discontinuation.In this review,we discuss the current challenges of subcutaneous administration of peptide-based therapeutics and provide an overview of the formulations available for the different routes of administration with improved bioavailability and reduced frequency of administration.
