MoP-NC纳米球负载Pt纳米粒子用于高效甲醇电解

实现绿色甲醇电解制氢需要高效的双功能催化剂。本文采用热处理结合乙二醇还原法成功制备了MoP-NC纳米球负载的超细Pt纳米粒子(平均粒径为2.53 nm)复合催化剂(Pt/MoP-NC)用于高效甲醇电解制氢。MoP-NC纳米球不仅能提高Pt纳米粒子的分散性并且增强Pt的抗中毒能力。电化学测试表明Pt/MoP-NC催化剂在酸性甲醇氧化反应(MOR)和析氢反应(HER)中具有较高的催化性能;其中,MOR的正向扫描峰值电流密度为90.7 m A·cm^(-2),是商业Pt/C催化剂的3.2倍,在10 mA·cm^(-2)的电流密度下,HER的过电位低至30 m V,与商业Pt/C接近。由Pt/MoP-NC||Pt/MoP-NC组装的两电极电解槽驱动10 mA·cm^(-2)的电流密度仅需要0.67 V的电压,比相同条件下电解水的电压低1.02 V,大大降低了能量输入。Pt/MoP-NC的高催化性能主要来源于Pt活性中心与相邻层状多孔球形结构的MoP-NC载体之间电子效应及配体效应引起的抗一氧化碳中毒能力的提升和含氧物种的容易生成。

尿素电氧化反应——推荐一个电化学综合实验

设计了一个基于尿素电氧化反应的综合化学实验,该实验采用三电极体系对镍电极上的尿素电氧化行为进行了详细的循环伏安测试,通过数据分析可求算出尿素分子的扩散系数、反应的传递系数、反应级数等重要的物理化学参数,将电催化研究前沿与本科课程中电分析和化学动力学及电解与极化作用等内容紧密结合;并采用两电极体系构建尿素辅助电解制氢装置模拟实际应用,能够充分培养学生运用基础知识解决科研问题的能力,体现了“基础知识–理论研究–实际应用”的实验教学思维模式,适合作为面向高年级本科生的综合实验教学课程。

MoSe_(2)纳米片耦合Pt纳米颗粒用于高效双功能催化甲醇辅助水电解制氢

化石燃料的大量消耗所带来的全球性挑战推动人们大力发展清洁和可持续的能源.氢能作为一种绿色、无污染的能源载体,是能源向绿色经济转换的关键,而利用可再生能源进行的电解水制氢被认为是实现绿色制氢的最佳选择.然而由于析氧反应(OER)的氧化电位(1.23 V)较高,动力学缓慢,实际水电解需要更多的能量输入.具有低氧化电位的甲醇辅助水电解(0.016 V)可以匹配可再生能源实现低能耗电解制氢,受到了广泛关注.开发高效的用于催化甲醇氧化(MOR)和析氢反应(HER)的双功能催化剂是实现这一愿景的前提.传统的Pt基催化剂容易受到阳极侧MOR过程中产生的CO中间体毒化,严重影响甲醇辅助水电解制氢的效率.为了提升Pt基催化剂的催化活性和稳定性,一种有效的策略是引入合适的功能组分来促进催化反应.例如,贵金属颗粒和亲氧化成分(如过渡金属氧化物和磷化物)之间的金属-载体相互作用可以有效提高Pt基催化剂的抗CO中毒能力.过渡金属硒化物由于其优良的金属性和亲氧性作为催化促进剂受到越来越多的关注.硒化钼(MoSe_(2))具有良好的稳定性和导电性并且其2H相中的不饱和边缘具有水活化和解离活性,同时其吸附H原子的吉布斯自由能(ΔGH^(*))接近于零.考虑到MoSe_(2)的高水活化/解离能力,本文成功制备了二维MoSe_(2)纳米片负载的Pt纳米粒子复合催化剂(Pt/MoSe_(2))用于高效甲醇电解制氢.密度泛函理论计算表明,亲氧组分MoSe_(2)显著优化了CO^(*)和H^(*)在Pt表面的吸附能,从而大大提高了甲醇辅助水电解的活性和稳定性.其中,Pt/MoSe_(2)的甲醇氧化峰值电流密度为67.8 m Acm^(-2),是商业Pt/C催化剂的2.5倍;在10 m A·cm^(-2)的电流密度下,HER的过电位低至32 m V.由Pt/MoSe_(2)|Pt/MoSe_(2)组装的两电极电解槽驱动10 m A·cm^(-2)的电流密度仅需要0.67 V的电压,与相同条件下的水电解相比节省了约1.09 V的电池电压,大大降低了能量输入.催化性能的提升可以归因于改善的电荷转移以及Pt与亲氧MoSe_(2)之间的金属-载体相互作用,该相互作用使得Pt从MoSe_(2)载体上得到了部分电子,增加了Pt周围的电子密度,使得邻近Pt的d带中心下移,从而通过削弱CO-Pt键进而增强了Pt位点的抗CO中毒能力.综上,本文对开发用于甲醇辅助水电解制氢的新型双功能催化剂具有借鉴意义.

异质结构NiSe_(2)/MoSe_(2)用于高效尿素辅助电解水制氢

电催化水分解是实现绿色制氢的理想方法之一.然而,阳极析氧反应(OER)固有的缓慢动力学和高理论电压(1.23V),使得电解水制氢的能效受到严重限制.采用理论电位更低和热力学更有利的小分子氧化反应替代OER过程,可以在降低电能耗的同时降解污染物或生成有附加值的产物,能够带来多重效益.尿素氧化反应(UOR)具有较低的理论电压(0.37V),是替代OER的潜在反应之一.然而,UOR中复杂的六电子转移严重阻碍了尿素电解的整体效率.因此,设计经济且高效的电催化剂来促进UOR固有的缓慢动力学过程非常必要.硒化镍具有电子构型多样和结构调控灵活等优点,被认为是有效的UOR催化剂.然而,UOR过程涉及催化剂表面多种反应中间体的吸附/解吸,单相催化剂要同时满足多种反应中间的吸附/解吸是一项艰巨的挑战.众所周知,非均相电催化涉及电子转移以及电催化剂表面反应物和产物的吸附和解吸.因此,催化剂的电催化性能在很大程度上取决于材料表面的电子特性.通过构建异质结构是一种有效策略,可以调节电催化剂的电子结构,优化反应中间体的化学吸附行为,实现不同组份高效协同电催化.研究表明,通过界面工程优化结构和电子特性可进一步促进UOR的动力学.MoSe_(2)具有良好的稳定性和导电性,与镍基催化剂组合构建异质结构能够改善电催化反应中的催化动力学.本文通过简单的水热和低温硒化方法构建了异质NiSe_(2)/MoSe_(2)微球作为UOR的电催化剂.差分电荷密度和Mulliken电荷分析结果表明,MoSe_(2)与NiSe_(2)的耦合引起界面处的电荷重新分布,促使电子从NiSe_(2)向MoSe_(2)转移,更容易形成高价态Ni(NiOOH)活性物种.另外,异质界面的构建优化了催化剂表面的电子结构并调节d带中心,改变反应途径,降低反应能垒,从而提高UOR的反应活性.异质结NiSe_(2)/MoSe_(2)微球由于其独特的结构特征、强的协同耦合作用、增加的活性中心和高含量的高价Ni3+物种的综合优势而具有高效的催化性能.当负载在玻碳电极上时,仅需1.33 V的电压就能驱动10 m Acm^(-2)的电流密度,该活性优于大多数已报道的非贵金属UOR催化剂.将NiSe_(2)/MoSe_(2)催化剂组装到UOR//HER电解槽中时,NiSe_(2)/MoSe_(2)|Pt/C具有较低的操作电压和长期稳定性,在1.47 V的电池电压下电流密度达到10 m Acm^(-2),比单纯的水电解降低了约220 m V.与OER相比,热力学上有利的UOR可以作为阳极OER替代反应.综上,本文为能源/环境相关的催化反应提供了一个有效的催化剂体系,对构建高效异质结催化系统具有借鉴意义.

Electrochemical hydrogen evolution efficiently boosted by interfacial charge redistribution in Ru/MoSe_(2) embedded mesoporous hollow carbon spheres

The strong metal-support interaction inducing combined effect plays a crucial role in the catalysis reaction. Herein, we revealed that the combined advantages of MoSe_(2), Ru, and hollow carbon spheres in the form of Ru nanoparticles(NPs) anchored on a two-dimensionally ordered MoSe_(2) nanosheet-embedded mesoporous hollow carbon spheres surface(Ru/MoSe_(2)@MHCS) for the largely boosted hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) performance. The combined advantages from the conductive support, oxyphilic MoSe_(2), and Ru active sites imparted a strong synergistic effect and charge redistribution in the Ru periphery which induced high catalytic activity, stability, and kinetics for HER. Specifically, the obtained Ru/MoSe_(2)@MHCS required a small overpotential of 25.5 and 38.4 mV to drive the kinetic current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)both in acid and alkaline media, respectively, which was comparable to that of the Pt/C catalyst. Experimental and theoretical results demonstrated that the charge transfer from MoSe_(2) to Ru NPs enriched the electronic density of Ru sites and thus facilitated hydrogen adsorption and water dissociation. The current work showed the significant interfacial engineering in Ru-based catalysts development and catalysis promotion effect understanding via the metal-support interaction.

MoS_(2) nanoflowers coupled with ultrafine Ir nanoparticles for efficient acid overall water splitting reaction

Bi-functional electrocatalysts for acid overall water splitting reactions are crucial but still challenging to the development of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis.Herein,an efficient bi-functional catalyst of Ir/MoS_(2) nanoflowers(Ir/MoS_(2) NFs) catalyst was reported for acidic water electrolysis which can be constructed by coupling three-dimensionally interconnected MoS_(2) NFs with ultrafine Ir nanoparticles.A more suitable adsorption ability for the H* and *OOH intermediates was revealed,where the Ir sites were proposed as the main active center and MoS_(2) promoted the charge relocation to electronically modify the interfacial structure.The significant interfacial charge redistribution between the MoS_(2) NFs and the Ir active sites synergistically induced excellent catalytic activity and stability for the water electrolysis reaction.Specifically,the catalyst required overpotentials of 270 and 35 mV to reach a kinetic current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)for OER and HER,respectively,loading on the glass carbon electrode,with high catalytic kinetics,stability,and catalytic efficiency.A two-electrode system constructed by Ir/MoS_(2) NFs drove 10 mA cm^(-2)at a cell voltage of 1.55 V,about 70 mV lower than that of the commercial Pt/C||IrO_(2) system.In addition,partial surface oxidation of Ir nanoparticles to generate high-valent Ir species was also found significant to accelerate OER.The enhanced catalytic performance was attributed to the strong metal-support interaction in the Ir/MoS_(2) NFs catalyst system that changed the electronic structure of Ir metal and promoted the synergistic catalytic effect between Ir and MoS_(2) NFs.The work presented a novel platform of Ir-catalyst for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis.

IrWOx上吸附的OH^*物种对碱性氢电催化的不同促进作用

碱性氢电极反应过程包括氢氧化反应(HOR)和氢析出反应(HER),改善这两个反应复杂的动力学过程对于实现碱性交换膜燃料电池(AEMFCs)和电解水(AEMWEs)的商业化是非常重要的.但是,它们的反应机理仍旧存在很大的争议性.据此,本文设计合成了一种由无定形的氧化钨团簇修饰的铱钨纳米晶(Ir WOx)材料,在电化学催化碱性HOR和HER的过程中, Ir WOx表现出明显高于商业铂碳催化剂(Pt/C)三倍的性能,具有超高的交换电流密度和质量活性.密度泛函理论(DFT)计算表明,铱钨纳米晶附近的氧化钨团簇对于促进碱性条件下的可逆氢电极反应起着关键性作用,且表现出不同的反应机理,包括HOR的氢结合能(HBE)机理和HER的双功能机理.这项研究工作有望促进研究者们加深对碱性HOR和HER催化机理的认识,为合理设计高效催化碱性HOR和HER的电催化剂提供了新途径.

分层Lie群上Riesz位势交换子的加权紧性刻画

设G是齐次维数为Q的分层Lie群,{X_(j)}^(n)_(j=1)为G上左平移不变向量场的一组基.记L=∑^(n)_(j=1)X^(2)_(j)为其上的次Laplace算子,其Riesz位势定义为I_(α)=(−L)^(−α/2).本文研究I_(α)交换子在加权Lebesgue空间的紧性问题,通过建立Riesz位势算子核的下界估计,获得CMO(G)空间关于该类交换子的加权紧性刻画.

High-Performance Ru_(2)P Anodic Catalyst for Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

Exploring efficient and economical electrocatalysts and understanding the mechanism for alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction(HOR)are crucial to facilitate the development of alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells(APEFCs).Herein,Ru_(2)P was synthesized and used as an anodic HOR electrocatalyst for APEFC,achieving a peak power density of 1.3 W cm^(−2),the highest value among Pt-free anode electrocatalysts reported under the same conditions.Fromthe density functional theory(DFT)calculations and experimental results,it was found that besides the optimized hydrogen binding energy,the enhanced adsorption strength of oxygenated species(OH*)and the reduced work function of Ru_(2)P contributed to the enhanced HOR performance.The normalized exchange current densities of Ru_(2)P/C were 0.37 mA cm_(ECSA)^(−2) and 0.27 mAμgRu^(−1),respectively,both approximately three times higher than those of Ru when conducted in the rotating disk electrode(RDE)system.Our work provides a new pathway for exploring highly active Pt-free HOR electrocatalysts and expanding the family of anodic electrocatalysts for APEFCs.