Bioactive compounds in Hericium erinaceus and their biological properties:a review

Hericium erinaceus is a nutritious edible and medicinal fungi,rich in a variety of functional active ingredients,with various physiological functions such as antioxidation,anticancer,and enhancing immunity.It is also effective in protecting the digestive system and preventing neurodegenerative diseases.In this review paper,we summarize the sources,structures and efficacies of the main active components in H.erinaceus fruiting body,mycelium,and culture media,and update the latest research progress on their biological activities and the related molecular mechanisms.Based on this information,we provide detailed challenges in current research,industrialization and information on the active ingredients of H.erinaceus.Perspectives for future studies and new applications of H.erinaceus are proposed.

Adaptive tracking algorithm based on 3D variable turn model

Satisfactory results cannot be obtained when threedimensional(3 D) targets with complex maneuvering characteristics are tracked by the commonly used two-dimensional coordinated turn(2 DCT) model. To address the problem of 3 D target tracking with strong maneuverability, on the basis of the modified three-dimensional variable turn(3 DVT) model, an adaptive tracking algorithm is proposed by combining with the cubature Kalman filter(CKF) in this paper. Through ideology of real-time identification, the parameters of the model are changed to adjust the state transition matrix and the state noise covariance matrix. Therefore,states of the target are matched in real-time to achieve the purpose of adaptive tracking. Finally, four simulations are analyzed in different settings by the Monte Carlo method. All results show that the proposed algorithm can update parameters of the model and identify motion characteristics in real-time when targets tracking also has a better tracking accuracy.

Nitrogen-doped lignin based carbon microspheres as anode material for high performance sodium ion batteries

Nitrogen-doped lignin-based carbon microspheres are synthesized using 3-aminophenol as a nitrogen source by the hydrothermal method.The structural change and the effect on the electrochemical properties are systematically investigated. Nitrogen-doped lignin-based carbon microspheres represent well-developed spherical morphology with many active sites, ultramicroporous(< 0.7 nm) structure, and large interlayer spacing. Consistent with the obtained physical structures and properties, the nitrogen-doped carbon microspheres exhibit fast sodium ion adsorption/intercalation kinetic process and excellent electrochemical performance. For example, a reversible specific capacity of 374 m Ah g^(-1) at 25 m A g^(-1) with high initial coulombic efficiency of 85% and high capacitance retention of 90% after 300 cycles at 100 m A g^(-1) and stable charge/discharge behavior at different current density is obtained. The additional defects and abundant ultramicroporous structure can enhance sloping capacity, and large interlayer spacing is considered to be the reason for improving plateau capacity.

Bioengineered production of glycosaminoglycans and their analogues

Glycosaminoglycans(GAGs)are a class of linear polysaccharides,consisting of alternating disaccharide sequences of uronic acid and hexosamines(or galactose)with and without sulfation.They can interact with various proteins,such as growth factors,receptors and cell adhesion molecules,endowing these with various biological and pharmacological activi-ties.Such activities make GAGs useful in health care products and medicines.Currently,all GAGs,with the exception of hyaluronan,are produced by extraction from animal tissues.However,limited availability,poor control of animal tissues,impurities,viruses,prions,endotoxins,contamination and other problems have increased the interest in new approaches for GAG production.These new approaches include GAGs production by chemical synthesis,chemoenzymatic synthesis and metabolic engineering.One chemically synthesized heparin pentasaccharide,fondaparinux sodium,is in clinical use.Mostly,hyaluronan today is prepared by microbial fermentation,largely replacing hyaluronan from rooster comb.The recent gram scale chemoenzymatic synthesis of a heparin dodecasaccharide suggests its potential to replace currently used animal-sourced low molecular weight heparin(LMWH).Despite these considerable successes,such high-tech approaches still cannot meet worldwide demands for GAGs.This review gives a brief introduction on the manufacturing of unfractionated and low molecular weight heparins,the chemical synthesis and chemoenzymatic synthesis of GAGs and focuses on the progress in the bioengineered preparation of GAGs,particularly heparin.