Neuroscientists have recognized the importance of astrocytes in regulating neurological function and their influence on the release of glial transmitters.Few studies,however,have focused on the effects of general anes...Neuroscientists have recognized the importance of astrocytes in regulating neurological function and their influence on the release of glial transmitters.Few studies,however,have focused on the effects of general anesthetic agents on neuroglia or astrocytes.Astrocytes can also be an important target of general anesthetic agents as they exert not only sedative,analgesic,and amnesic effects but also mediate general anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity and postoperative cognitive dysfunction.Here,we analyzed recent advances in understanding the mechanism of general anesthetic agents on astrocytes,and found that exposure to general anesthetic agents will destroy the morphology and proliferation of astrocytes,in addition to acting on the receptors on their surface,which not only affect Ca^(2+)signaling,inhibit the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and lactate from astrocytes,but are even involved in the regulation of the pro-and anti-inflammatory processes of astrocytes.These would obviously affect the communication between astrocytes as well as between astrocytes and neighboring neurons,other neuroglia,and vascular cells.In this review,we summarize how general anesthetic agents act on neurons via astrocytes,and explore potential mechanisms of action of general anesthetic agents on the nervous system.We hope that this review will provide a new direction for mitigating the neurotoxicity of general anesthetic agents.展开更多
A link tower is a sequence of links with the structure given by removing the last components.Given a link tower,we prove that there is a chain complex consisting of(non-abelian)groups given by the symmetric commutator...A link tower is a sequence of links with the structure given by removing the last components.Given a link tower,we prove that there is a chain complex consisting of(non-abelian)groups given by the symmetric commutator subgroup of the normal closures in the link group of themeridians excluding themeridian of the last component with the differential induced by removing the last component.Moreover,the homology groups of these naturally constructed chain complexes are isomorphic to the homotopy groups of the manifold M under certain hypothesis.These chain complexes have canonical quotient abelian chain complexes in Minor’s homotopy link groups with their homologies detecting certain differences of the homotopy link groups in the towers.展开更多
It is our great pleasure to present the proceedings of the first Chinese-German Workshop on Metric Riemannian Geometry, which took place at Shanghai Jiao Tong University from October 12-16, 2015.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82171260,81641042,81471240the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,Nos.LZ22H090002 and 2014C33170(all to ZH)。
文摘Neuroscientists have recognized the importance of astrocytes in regulating neurological function and their influence on the release of glial transmitters.Few studies,however,have focused on the effects of general anesthetic agents on neuroglia or astrocytes.Astrocytes can also be an important target of general anesthetic agents as they exert not only sedative,analgesic,and amnesic effects but also mediate general anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity and postoperative cognitive dysfunction.Here,we analyzed recent advances in understanding the mechanism of general anesthetic agents on astrocytes,and found that exposure to general anesthetic agents will destroy the morphology and proliferation of astrocytes,in addition to acting on the receptors on their surface,which not only affect Ca^(2+)signaling,inhibit the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and lactate from astrocytes,but are even involved in the regulation of the pro-and anti-inflammatory processes of astrocytes.These would obviously affect the communication between astrocytes as well as between astrocytes and neighboring neurons,other neuroglia,and vascular cells.In this review,we summarize how general anesthetic agents act on neurons via astrocytes,and explore potential mechanisms of action of general anesthetic agents on the nervous system.We hope that this review will provide a new direction for mitigating the neurotoxicity of general anesthetic agents.
基金The authors would like to thank Joan Birman and Haynes Miller for their encouragements and helpful suggestions on this project.Fuquan Fang and Fengchun Lei supported in part by a Key Grant(No.11431009)an Overseas-Collaboration Grant(No.11329101)of NSFC of ChinaResearch is supported by the Singapore Ministry of Education research Grant(AcRF Tier 1 WBS No.R-146-000-190-112)and a Grant(No.11329101)of NSFC of China.
文摘A link tower is a sequence of links with the structure given by removing the last components.Given a link tower,we prove that there is a chain complex consisting of(non-abelian)groups given by the symmetric commutator subgroup of the normal closures in the link group of themeridians excluding themeridian of the last component with the differential induced by removing the last component.Moreover,the homology groups of these naturally constructed chain complexes are isomorphic to the homotopy groups of the manifold M under certain hypothesis.These chain complexes have canonical quotient abelian chain complexes in Minor’s homotopy link groups with their homologies detecting certain differences of the homotopy link groups in the towers.
文摘It is our great pleasure to present the proceedings of the first Chinese-German Workshop on Metric Riemannian Geometry, which took place at Shanghai Jiao Tong University from October 12-16, 2015.
