Agents of human chromoblastomycosis,a skin disease almost exclusively caused by members of the order Chaetothyriales,are assumed to be traumatically inoculated into the skin with sharp environmental materials such as ...Agents of human chromoblastomycosis,a skin disease almost exclusively caused by members of the order Chaetothyriales,are assumed to be traumatically inoculated into the skin with sharp environmental materials such as plant thorns or wooden splinters carrying the respective opportunist.In the supposition that such fungi should have their main habitat in the environment,we investigated the occurrence of black fungi in living areas of patients with chromoblastomycosis.In South America Fonsecaea agents are prevalent as agents of the disease,while also related Cladophialophora species,known from other types of skin infections,are known from the continent.Ninety environmental isolates were preliminarily selected as possible agents of chromoblastomycosis,based on morphology.Judging from ITS sequence data isolates were attributed to the genera Cladophialophora,Cyphellophora,Exophiala,Fonsecaea,Phialophora,and Veronaea.A total of 45 fungi morphologically identified as Fonsecaea or Cladophialophora isolated from debris and thorns of living prickly plants in Brazil were processed for taxonomic studies.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates indeed belonged to the Chaetothyriales,but only rarely an agent of chromoblastomycosis was concerned;only two strains of F.pedrosoi and one F.monophora were isolated from debris plants.The remaining isolates belonged to hitherto unknown molecular siblings of Fonsecaea.Two novel taxa are introduced.展开更多
The last decade has revealed an unexpected fungal diversity associated with natural rocks,often collected in environments influenced by harsh climatic conditions.Yet the phylogenetic affiliations and the taxonomy of m...The last decade has revealed an unexpected fungal diversity associated with natural rocks,often collected in environments influenced by harsh climatic conditions.Yet the phylogenetic affiliations and the taxonomy of many of these extreme fungi,mainly within Dothideomycetes,the largest class of Ascomycota,have only partially been described.In the present study we confirm that most rock inhabiting-fungi(RIF)are highly polyphyletic among Dothideomycetidae,mainly within the order Capnodiales,an order otherwise incorporating several families of major plant pathological importance.Novel taxa were identified within the two major and distinct clades of Teratosphaeriaceae,both comprising meristematic black fungi.Thirty one novel species and 13 new genera are proposed,based on ITS and partial nucLSU,RPB2 and BT2 sequences.展开更多
A wide sampling for isolating highly destructive and extremotolerant black fungi was performed from Italian monuments in selected historical sites which include the "Cortile della Pigna",Vatican Museum and t...A wide sampling for isolating highly destructive and extremotolerant black fungi was performed from Italian monuments in selected historical sites which include the "Cortile della Pigna",Vatican Museum and the St Peter colonnade(Vatican City State),the monumental cemetery of Bonaria(Cagliari),and other monuments in the city of Cagliari.Thirty out of seventy-four strains isolated were identified basing on ITS Blastn comparison.Based on multilocus phylogeny and morphological data,one new genus and species Lithophila guttulata,five new species Knufia marmoricola,K.vaticanii,K.karalitana,K.mediterranea and Exophiala bonariae,order Chaetothyriales and one new genus and species,Saxophila tyrrhenica,and two new species Vermiconia calcicola and Devriesia sardiniae,order Capnodiales,were proposed.Ecological considerations are put forward.展开更多
Rhizopus microsporus has been used for centuries in the production of oriental fermented foods,but the species is also known as a toxin producer and from severe human infections.To study the diversity and species deli...Rhizopus microsporus has been used for centuries in the production of oriental fermented foods,but the species is also known as a toxin producer and from severe human infections.To study the diversity and species delimitation of Rhizopus microsporus,48 isolates from the reference collection of the CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre,comprising nine environmental,ten clinical,and 23 foodborne strains,in addition to six strains from unknown sources and representing all existing varieties of the species,were examined.Sequence diversity was based on the internal transcribed spacer(ITS),and on a part of the actin(ACT)and translation elongation factor 1-α(TEF)genes.Differences in physiological properties were assessed including temperature relationships.Spore morphology was studied,mating type tests were performed,and MALDI-ToF profiles were generated.Clinical and food-associated strains as well as members of different varieties mated successfully and consequently they belong to a single biological species.Molecular differences did not match with any other parameter investigated.Based on these results the varieties of Rhizopus microsporus are reduced to synonyms.展开更多
Ants in the tribe Attini(Hymenoptera,Formicidae)maintain a 50 million-year-old lifestyle of co-evolution with symbiotic basidiomycetous fungi which they cultivate as essential source of nutrition.However,other microor...Ants in the tribe Attini(Hymenoptera,Formicidae)maintain a 50 million-year-old lifestyle of co-evolution with symbiotic basidiomycetous fungi which they cultivate as essential source of nutrition.However,other microorganisms have been reported from ant habitats indicating a higher diversity of consistently associated species than established to date.Recently,black yeast-like fungi have been reported as a possible symbiont,like a competitor of the actinomycete bacteria that grow in the integument of the insects.During the mating season,gynes of Atta capiguara and A.laevigata were collected from nests located in Botucatu,SP,Brazil and sampled using flotation technique.Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS,partial 28S(LSU)andβ-tubulin sequences revealed the occurrence of two novel species of Phialophora among the melanized fungi isolated.展开更多
The genus Ochroconis(Sympoventuriaceae,Venturiales)is revised and currently contains 13 species for which the phylogenetic position has been determined using multilocus sequencing.The older generic name Scolecobasidiu...The genus Ochroconis(Sympoventuriaceae,Venturiales)is revised and currently contains 13 species for which the phylogenetic position has been determined using multilocus sequencing.The older generic name Scolecobasidium is considered to be of doubtful identity because the type specimen is ambiguous.Within the Ochroconis lineage,phylogenetic distances of all markers analyzed are exceptionally large,both between and within species.A new genus Verruconis is proposed for the neurotropic opportunist Ochroconis gallopava.Species accepted within the lineages are keyed out on the basis of phenotypic characters.Main ecological traits within each species are discussed.Verruconis species are thermophilic and one of them is an important agent of infection in the brain,while Ochroconis is mesophilic,several species causing infections in cold-blooded animals.展开更多
Molecular phylogeny has revealed that sporotrichosis is caused by several Sporothrix species which differ in clinical behavior.The complex is embedded within Ophiostoma,a genus mainly comprising fungi that live in ass...Molecular phylogeny has revealed that sporotrichosis is caused by several Sporothrix species which differ in clinical behavior.The complex is embedded within Ophiostoma,a genus mainly comprising fungi that live in association with bark beetles,but differs by a high virulence towards humans and other mammals.The different ecology is corroborated by phylogenetic separation.The aim of the present study was to determine the validity of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer(ITS)region as a marker for diagnostics of species in the clinical group,using betatubulin sequences to calibrate species delimitations.The topology of the two gene trees was concordant,and all clinically relevant Sporothrix species could easily be recognized by means of the ITS region.An increased geographic sampling did not affected delimitation success in the clinical clade of the S.schenckii complex.展开更多
Cyphellophora is a genus of black yeast-like fungi characterised by having simple phialides with multiseptate,curved conidia.Judging from SSU and LSU data,Cyphellophora was found to be located in a well-supported clad...Cyphellophora is a genus of black yeast-like fungi characterised by having simple phialides with multiseptate,curved conidia.Judging from SSU and LSU data,Cyphellophora was found to be located in a well-supported clade within the Chaetothyriales comprising a number of species occurring on human skin and nail.Cyphellophora is phylogenetically close to Phialophora europaea,P.reptans and P.oxyspora,though morphologically these species produce singlecelled phialoconidia rather than multiseptate ones.Pseudomicrodochium suttonii and P.fusarioides have dark colonies and phylogenetically fit in with Cyphellophora;the type species of Pseudomicrodochium,P.aciculare,has similar,septate conidia but has a hyaline thallus.In the present study,multilocus phylogenetic analyses were combined with morphology and physiology.Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region,the DNA dependent RNA polymerase II largest subunit and the partial beta tubulin gene were analysed for a set of 30 strains.Two novel species,Cyphellophora pauciseptata and Phialophora ambigua were discovered.Cyphellophora eucalypti was reduced to synonymy of C.guyanensis.The role of the studied fungi between colonization and infection of human skin was discussed.Putative virulence factors for these black yeast-like fungi were hypothesized to be the ability to assimilate monoaromatic hydrocarbons,to produce melanin pigments,and to tolerate the temperature of epidermal human skin.展开更多
To confirm species delimitations in the‘jeanselmeiclade’in the Chaetothyriales,four independent markers were analysed,and phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using different algorithms.Reproductive isolation withi...To confirm species delimitations in the‘jeanselmeiclade’in the Chaetothyriales,four independent markers were analysed,and phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using different algorithms.Reproductive isolation within the complex and reproductive modes in the species involved were determined,in order to explore specific borderlines using Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition(GCPSR).Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer(ITS),partial Translation Elongation Factor 1-α(TEF1),β-Tubulin(BT2),and Actin(ACT1)genes were analysed for a set of 81 strains.Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using neighbour-joining(NJ),maximum parsimony(MP),maximum likelihood(ML)and Bayesian analysis(BA)to evaluate the concordance of topologies obtained under different optimization criteria.Incongruence among lineages was detected by Partition Homogeneity Test(PHT).Most Exophiala species analysed in this study seemed to be preponderantly clonal.A group of species around Exophiala spinifera showed a tendency toward human pathogenicity,whereas species around E.bergeri were often associated with environments rich in hydrocarbons.Though the tree topologies were not completely identical when different algorithms were used,the four gene lineages were nearly congruent and the trees of the combined multilocus data set did not provide more phylogenetic information than those of separate data sets.ITS data are sufficient for identification of species in the‘jeanselmei-clade’.展开更多
Ochroconis is a genus of ascomycete fungi that includes oligotrophic saprobes and some opportunistic species causing infections in vertebrates.The most important of these opportunists is the neurotropic species Ochroc...Ochroconis is a genus of ascomycete fungi that includes oligotrophic saprobes and some opportunistic species causing infections in vertebrates.The most important of these opportunists is the neurotropic species Ochroconis gallopava,which occurs in birds and occasionally in immunocompromised humans.Other Ochroconis species have been isolated from superficial infections of cats,dogs and fish.In their natural environment,these species are found in litter,soil,and on moist surfaces.Some thermophilic species have been isolated from hot springs,industrial effluents,and self-heated plant material.Although their ecology and epidemiology has been investigated,their classification within the ascomycetes is still unknown.Here,the phylogenetic placement of Ochroconis is investigated using a four-gene phylogeny(nuLSU,nuSSU,mtSSU and RPB2).The results show that Ochroconis and its recently described sister genus Verruconis belong to the order Venturiales(Dothideomycetes)and are nested within the Sympoventuriaceae,a family recently erected for a group of plant-saprobes or-pathogens sister to the Venturiaceae.They form a well-supported monophyletic group together with five species of the anamorphic genus Fusicladium isolated from leaf and needle litters.展开更多
As part of a worldwide sampling nine black fungi were isolated from rocks collected in four distinct sites of the Alps at high altitudes.Based on a nucSSU,nucLSU and mtSSU multi-locus phylogeny,seven of them were foun...As part of a worldwide sampling nine black fungi were isolated from rocks collected in four distinct sites of the Alps at high altitudes.Based on a nucSSU,nucLSU and mtSSU multi-locus phylogeny,seven of them were found to cluster into a distinct and wellsupported clade in a basal position within the Class Dothideomycetes.As in other rock fungi these new groups of isolates were characterized by a meristematic growth and a scarcely differentiated morphology with highly melanized and thick-walled toruloid hyphae.Nonetheless,few peculiar characters were also observed as convoluted hyphal tips and the production of spherical propagules.The new genus and species Saxomyces alpinus and S.penninicus,are here described based on morphological and molecular data,in a yet to be defined order of the Dothideomycetes.The remaining two black fungi clustered in Cryomyces,a genus previously exclusively found in rocks from the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica.These two isolates were genetically distant from other Antarctic Cryomyces species based on ITS sequences,and they showed a peculiar morphology;they are here described as the new species C.montanus and C.funiculosus.Implications of our results on the evolution,adaptation and dispersal of rock-inhabiting fungi under extreme conditions are discussed.展开更多
The known biodiversity of black yeasts and their allies has exploded over the last decades.This even applies to medically significant genera such as Exophiala and Cladophialophora,where the number of accepted species ...The known biodiversity of black yeasts and their allies has exploded over the last decades.This even applies to medically significant genera such as Exophiala and Cladophialophora,where the number of accepted species has grown since the 1990s of the previous century from 9 to 44 and from 5 to 34,respectively.A first source of change no doubt is dissection of many supposed ubiquitous generalists into series of narrowly circumscribed molecular siblings,which often appear to be specialists with ecological preferences differing significantly between species.An early example of subdivision of classical species in black yeasts,using DNA homology techniques,concerned Exophiala jeanselmei.One of its siblings today is known to be a biofilm former in drinking water networks,while E.jeanselmei sensu stricto is thus far only known from subcutaneous infections in humans.展开更多
基金The work of Vania A.Vicente was supported by a Brazilian Government fellowshipby financial support from the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education-CAPES and Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa(CNPq).The work of Mohammad Javad Najafzadeh was supported by the Faculty of Medicine,Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,Mashhad,Iran.
文摘Agents of human chromoblastomycosis,a skin disease almost exclusively caused by members of the order Chaetothyriales,are assumed to be traumatically inoculated into the skin with sharp environmental materials such as plant thorns or wooden splinters carrying the respective opportunist.In the supposition that such fungi should have their main habitat in the environment,we investigated the occurrence of black fungi in living areas of patients with chromoblastomycosis.In South America Fonsecaea agents are prevalent as agents of the disease,while also related Cladophialophora species,known from other types of skin infections,are known from the continent.Ninety environmental isolates were preliminarily selected as possible agents of chromoblastomycosis,based on morphology.Judging from ITS sequence data isolates were attributed to the genera Cladophialophora,Cyphellophora,Exophiala,Fonsecaea,Phialophora,and Veronaea.A total of 45 fungi morphologically identified as Fonsecaea or Cladophialophora isolated from debris and thorns of living prickly plants in Brazil were processed for taxonomic studies.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates indeed belonged to the Chaetothyriales,but only rarely an agent of chromoblastomycosis was concerned;only two strains of F.pedrosoi and one F.monophora were isolated from debris plants.The remaining isolates belonged to hitherto unknown molecular siblings of Fonsecaea.Two novel taxa are introduced.
基金The authors would like to thank PNRA(Italian National Program for Antarctic Research)for supporting sample collecting in the Antarctic,and the Italian National Antarctic Museum“Felice Ippolito”for supporting CCFEE(Culture Collection of Fungi From Extreme Environments)MIUR-PRIN 2008 is gratefully acknowledged for financial support concerning RIF studies in Italian Alps and ApenninesLaboratory work at the CBS was financed by the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Science(KNAW)and the Fonds voor Economische Stuctuurversterking(FES)with the grant‘Barcoding the CBS collections’.
文摘The last decade has revealed an unexpected fungal diversity associated with natural rocks,often collected in environments influenced by harsh climatic conditions.Yet the phylogenetic affiliations and the taxonomy of many of these extreme fungi,mainly within Dothideomycetes,the largest class of Ascomycota,have only partially been described.In the present study we confirm that most rock inhabiting-fungi(RIF)are highly polyphyletic among Dothideomycetidae,mainly within the order Capnodiales,an order otherwise incorporating several families of major plant pathological importance.Novel taxa were identified within the two major and distinct clades of Teratosphaeriaceae,both comprising meristematic black fungi.Thirty one novel species and 13 new genera are proposed,based on ITS and partial nucLSU,RPB2 and BT2 sequences.
文摘A wide sampling for isolating highly destructive and extremotolerant black fungi was performed from Italian monuments in selected historical sites which include the "Cortile della Pigna",Vatican Museum and the St Peter colonnade(Vatican City State),the monumental cemetery of Bonaria(Cagliari),and other monuments in the city of Cagliari.Thirty out of seventy-four strains isolated were identified basing on ITS Blastn comparison.Based on multilocus phylogeny and morphological data,one new genus and species Lithophila guttulata,five new species Knufia marmoricola,K.vaticanii,K.karalitana,K.mediterranea and Exophiala bonariae,order Chaetothyriales and one new genus and species,Saxophila tyrrhenica,and two new species Vermiconia calcicola and Devriesia sardiniae,order Capnodiales,were proposed.Ecological considerations are put forward.
文摘Rhizopus microsporus has been used for centuries in the production of oriental fermented foods,but the species is also known as a toxin producer and from severe human infections.To study the diversity and species delimitation of Rhizopus microsporus,48 isolates from the reference collection of the CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre,comprising nine environmental,ten clinical,and 23 foodborne strains,in addition to six strains from unknown sources and representing all existing varieties of the species,were examined.Sequence diversity was based on the internal transcribed spacer(ITS),and on a part of the actin(ACT)and translation elongation factor 1-α(TEF)genes.Differences in physiological properties were assessed including temperature relationships.Spore morphology was studied,mating type tests were performed,and MALDI-ToF profiles were generated.Clinical and food-associated strains as well as members of different varieties mated successfully and consequently they belong to a single biological species.Molecular differences did not match with any other parameter investigated.Based on these results the varieties of Rhizopus microsporus are reduced to synonyms.
基金The authors would like to thank D.Smith and G.Omer for technical support with DNA purification,PCR and sequencing.Laboratory work at the CBS was financed by the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Science(KNAW)the Fonds voor Economische Stuctuurversterking(FES)with the grant‘Barcoding the CBS collections’.Laboratory work at UNESP was financed by CNPq(proc.305.457/2001-0 and 560.682/2010-7).
文摘Ants in the tribe Attini(Hymenoptera,Formicidae)maintain a 50 million-year-old lifestyle of co-evolution with symbiotic basidiomycetous fungi which they cultivate as essential source of nutrition.However,other microorganisms have been reported from ant habitats indicating a higher diversity of consistently associated species than established to date.Recently,black yeast-like fungi have been reported as a possible symbiont,like a competitor of the actinomycete bacteria that grow in the integument of the insects.During the mating season,gynes of Atta capiguara and A.laevigata were collected from nests located in Botucatu,SP,Brazil and sampled using flotation technique.Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS,partial 28S(LSU)andβ-tubulin sequences revealed the occurrence of two novel species of Phialophora among the melanized fungi isolated.
文摘The genus Ochroconis(Sympoventuriaceae,Venturiales)is revised and currently contains 13 species for which the phylogenetic position has been determined using multilocus sequencing.The older generic name Scolecobasidium is considered to be of doubtful identity because the type specimen is ambiguous.Within the Ochroconis lineage,phylogenetic distances of all markers analyzed are exceptionally large,both between and within species.A new genus Verruconis is proposed for the neurotropic opportunist Ochroconis gallopava.Species accepted within the lineages are keyed out on the basis of phenotypic characters.Main ecological traits within each species are discussed.Verruconis species are thermophilic and one of them is an important agent of infection in the brain,while Ochroconis is mesophilic,several species causing infections in cold-blooded animals.
基金Xun Zhou acknowledge financial support from China NSFC 31270062Chongqing Science and Technology Commission cstc2011jjA10089+1 种基金Anderson Rodrigues is a fellow and acknowledges the financial support of the Fundação de AmparoàPesquisa do Estado de São Paulo(FAPESP-2011/07350-1)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior(BEX 2325/11-0)。
文摘Molecular phylogeny has revealed that sporotrichosis is caused by several Sporothrix species which differ in clinical behavior.The complex is embedded within Ophiostoma,a genus mainly comprising fungi that live in association with bark beetles,but differs by a high virulence towards humans and other mammals.The different ecology is corroborated by phylogenetic separation.The aim of the present study was to determine the validity of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer(ITS)region as a marker for diagnostics of species in the clinical group,using betatubulin sequences to calibrate species delimitations.The topology of the two gene trees was concordant,and all clinically relevant Sporothrix species could easily be recognized by means of the ITS region.An increased geographic sampling did not affected delimitation success in the clinical clade of the S.schenckii complex.
基金This work was supported by the project 11CPD009 of the china desk of the Netherlands Academy of Sciences.
文摘Cyphellophora is a genus of black yeast-like fungi characterised by having simple phialides with multiseptate,curved conidia.Judging from SSU and LSU data,Cyphellophora was found to be located in a well-supported clade within the Chaetothyriales comprising a number of species occurring on human skin and nail.Cyphellophora is phylogenetically close to Phialophora europaea,P.reptans and P.oxyspora,though morphologically these species produce singlecelled phialoconidia rather than multiseptate ones.Pseudomicrodochium suttonii and P.fusarioides have dark colonies and phylogenetically fit in with Cyphellophora;the type species of Pseudomicrodochium,P.aciculare,has similar,septate conidia but has a hyaline thallus.In the present study,multilocus phylogenetic analyses were combined with morphology and physiology.Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region,the DNA dependent RNA polymerase II largest subunit and the partial beta tubulin gene were analysed for a set of 30 strains.Two novel species,Cyphellophora pauciseptata and Phialophora ambigua were discovered.Cyphellophora eucalypti was reduced to synonymy of C.guyanensis.The role of the studied fungi between colonization and infection of human skin was discussed.Putative virulence factors for these black yeast-like fungi were hypothesized to be the ability to assimilate monoaromatic hydrocarbons,to produce melanin pigments,and to tolerate the temperature of epidermal human skin.
文摘To confirm species delimitations in the‘jeanselmeiclade’in the Chaetothyriales,four independent markers were analysed,and phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using different algorithms.Reproductive isolation within the complex and reproductive modes in the species involved were determined,in order to explore specific borderlines using Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition(GCPSR).Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer(ITS),partial Translation Elongation Factor 1-α(TEF1),β-Tubulin(BT2),and Actin(ACT1)genes were analysed for a set of 81 strains.Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using neighbour-joining(NJ),maximum parsimony(MP),maximum likelihood(ML)and Bayesian analysis(BA)to evaluate the concordance of topologies obtained under different optimization criteria.Incongruence among lineages was detected by Partition Homogeneity Test(PHT).Most Exophiala species analysed in this study seemed to be preponderantly clonal.A group of species around Exophiala spinifera showed a tendency toward human pathogenicity,whereas species around E.bergeri were often associated with environments rich in hydrocarbons.Though the tree topologies were not completely identical when different algorithms were used,the four gene lineages were nearly congruent and the trees of the combined multilocus data set did not provide more phylogenetic information than those of separate data sets.ITS data are sufficient for identification of species in the‘jeanselmei-clade’.
文摘Ochroconis is a genus of ascomycete fungi that includes oligotrophic saprobes and some opportunistic species causing infections in vertebrates.The most important of these opportunists is the neurotropic species Ochroconis gallopava,which occurs in birds and occasionally in immunocompromised humans.Other Ochroconis species have been isolated from superficial infections of cats,dogs and fish.In their natural environment,these species are found in litter,soil,and on moist surfaces.Some thermophilic species have been isolated from hot springs,industrial effluents,and self-heated plant material.Although their ecology and epidemiology has been investigated,their classification within the ascomycetes is still unknown.Here,the phylogenetic placement of Ochroconis is investigated using a four-gene phylogeny(nuLSU,nuSSU,mtSSU and RPB2).The results show that Ochroconis and its recently described sister genus Verruconis belong to the order Venturiales(Dothideomycetes)and are nested within the Sympoventuriaceae,a family recently erected for a group of plant-saprobes or-pathogens sister to the Venturiaceae.They form a well-supported monophyletic group together with five species of the anamorphic genus Fusicladium isolated from leaf and needle litters.
基金MIUR-PRIN 2008(prot.2008AR8MX9)is gratefully acknowledged for financial support.
文摘As part of a worldwide sampling nine black fungi were isolated from rocks collected in four distinct sites of the Alps at high altitudes.Based on a nucSSU,nucLSU and mtSSU multi-locus phylogeny,seven of them were found to cluster into a distinct and wellsupported clade in a basal position within the Class Dothideomycetes.As in other rock fungi these new groups of isolates were characterized by a meristematic growth and a scarcely differentiated morphology with highly melanized and thick-walled toruloid hyphae.Nonetheless,few peculiar characters were also observed as convoluted hyphal tips and the production of spherical propagules.The new genus and species Saxomyces alpinus and S.penninicus,are here described based on morphological and molecular data,in a yet to be defined order of the Dothideomycetes.The remaining two black fungi clustered in Cryomyces,a genus previously exclusively found in rocks from the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica.These two isolates were genetically distant from other Antarctic Cryomyces species based on ITS sequences,and they showed a peculiar morphology;they are here described as the new species C.montanus and C.funiculosus.Implications of our results on the evolution,adaptation and dispersal of rock-inhabiting fungi under extreme conditions are discussed.
文摘The known biodiversity of black yeasts and their allies has exploded over the last decades.This even applies to medically significant genera such as Exophiala and Cladophialophora,where the number of accepted species has grown since the 1990s of the previous century from 9 to 44 and from 5 to 34,respectively.A first source of change no doubt is dissection of many supposed ubiquitous generalists into series of narrowly circumscribed molecular siblings,which often appear to be specialists with ecological preferences differing significantly between species.An early example of subdivision of classical species in black yeasts,using DNA homology techniques,concerned Exophiala jeanselmei.One of its siblings today is known to be a biofilm former in drinking water networks,while E.jeanselmei sensu stricto is thus far only known from subcutaneous infections in humans.