废弃物基质对高温气候下‘金丝皇菊’生长的影响

【目的】为解决‘金丝皇菊’在夏季高温多雨地区的正常过夏问题。【方法】采用园林废弃物和中药渣堆腐而成的两种自制基质与两种传统基质(黄壤土、泥炭土)对比‘金丝皇菊’的种植效果,分析‘金丝皇菊’在高温气候环境下的适应性,以优化‘金丝皇菊’在高温气候环境下的栽培生产。【结果】结果表明:(1)中药渣基质种植的‘金丝皇菊’的营养生长状况佳,株高38.67 cm,茎粗1.38 cm,冠幅21.33 cm,叶片数25片,园林废弃物基质次之,株高37.1 cm,茎粗1.26 cm,冠幅20.43 cm,叶片数23.67片,泥炭土株高33.97 cm,茎粗1.15 cm,冠幅19.2 cm,叶片数21.33片,和黄壤土株高30.6 cm,茎粗0.82 cm,冠幅18.6 cm,叶片数20.33片的表现较差;(2)自制基质园林废弃物和中药渣种植‘金丝皇菊’的叶片净光合速率(20.15μmol/(m^2·s)、21.19μmol/(m^2·s))、气孔导度(0.35 mol(/m^2·s)、0.35 mol(/m^2·s))、光饱和点(1897.71μmol(/m^2·s)、1862.12μmol(/m^2·s))、表观量子效率(0.05μmol(/m^2·s)、0.06μmol(/m^2·s))等光合指标显著高于黄壤土,光补偿点(5.15μmol(/m^2·s)、8.28μmol(/m^2·s))和暗呼吸速率(0.25μmol/(m^2·s)、0.45μmol/(m2·s))则低于黄壤土;(3)两种传统基质种植的‘金丝皇菊’叶片快速叶绿素荧光诱导曲线较自制基质变形大,自制基质初始荧光、单位有活性反应中心吸收的光能、非光化学淬灭系数等荧光指标显著低于传统基质,而最大荧光、PSII的量子效率、光化学淬灭系数等荧光指标显著高于传统基质。【结论】由此可知,自制基质能促进光合作用,缓解高温环境对‘金丝皇菊’光化学活性和光合性能的抑制,提高光合产物的积累,促进‘金丝皇菊’的生长。

不同菌种对中药渣堆肥过程及成分的影响

【目的】为了促进废弃中药渣的基质化利用,探索不同菌种对其堆制发酵效果的影响,【方法】以中药渣为材料,比较分析了添加0.5%的枯草芽孢杆菌(T1)、康宁木霉(T2)、EM菌(T3)与不添加菌种(CK)的中药渣在堆制过程中理化特性的变化.【结果】0~3 d是中药渣发酵的快速升温期,高温期持续了7 d以上,最高温T2处理达到57℃;各处理pH值在7.5~8.5之内;T1、T2和T3的EC值在2.0~2.75 ms/cm之间,CK处理为1.582 ms/cm;T1、T2和T3发芽指数均超过了97%,CK为86.56%;T1、T2和T3处理腐殖质含分别达到了21.47%,23.22%,24.79%,CK处理为20.07%.胡敏酸含量分别下降了4.32%、4.12%、3.62%和3.65%.富里酸含量分别增加了8.19%、10.55%、10.86%和7.35%;各处理木质素含量均有下降,堆肥结束时分别为11.17%、9.10%、10.23%和10.57%,纤维素分别降低了5.5%、4.24%、6.68%和6.18%,半纤维素分别降低了41.01%、45.94%、43.2%和39.31%;速效磷含量分别上升了271.97、335.98、252.17、161.08 mg/kg,速效钾含量分别上升了420.53、455.20、421.87、310.54 mg/kg.【结论】3种菌种在中药渣堆肥过程中的各方面均有促进作用,均适合作为观赏园艺植物基质.

基于“社区融合园艺”的长沙市城市社区可持续设计

以长沙市"社区融合园艺"为例,介绍了"社区融合园艺"在长沙市社区可持续设计的营造过程,对长沙市示范社区的参与主体和可持续运营策略进行了研究。从社区空间和形态、居民生产生活方式、生态循环可持续发展等角度入手,提出适应当前城市社区发展、农居一体的社区公共生活空间模式。

Studies on Technique of Reducing Methane Emission in a Rice-Duck Ecological System and the Evaluation of Its Economic Significance

The rice-duck ecological system is one of the major practices of the traditional Chinese agriculture. A study on the effect of reducing methane emission using this practice provided theoretical and practical basis for further development and utilization of this classical agricultural technique. The effect of reducing methane emission and the economic benefits of rice-duck ecological system were studied by carrying out a field experiment and by using economic methodology. The daily variation of CH4 emission in late rice paddy field was basically consistent with the daily variation of atmospheric temperature. The highest emission occurred at the full tillering stage of late rice with a rate of 24.1 or 32.2 or 40.5 mg m^-2 h^-1 in no-tillage area with duck and no-tillage area without duck and conventional-tillage area without duck, respectively. The inhibition of methane emission was apparently effective in the rice-duck ecological system during the initial tillering stage and the full tillering stage. Compared to the no-tillage area without duck, methane emission decreased by 2.333 g m^-2. Compared to the conventional-tillage area without duck, methane emission decreased by 4.723 g m^-2. During the production period of late rice, the amount of methane emission in no-tillage area with duck was 3.373 g m^-2 lesser than that of no-tillage area without duck, and 5.59 g m^-2 less than that of conventional-tillage without duck area. The economic significance was analyzed. Farmers adopting the rice-duck ecological system obtained 2 166 and 4 207 RMB yuan ha^-1 more income than those who adopted a no-tillage without duck technique or conventional-tillage without duck technique, respectively. In addition to the reduction of the environmental pollution by methane emission, the farmers who adopted the rice-duck ecological system achieved economic benefits of 5 000 RMB yuan ha^-1, which was 2 206 and 4 274 RMB yuan ha^-1 more than those who adopted a no-tillage without duck technique and a conventional-tillage without duck technique, respectively. The rice-duck ecological system not only increased the economic benefits for farmers, but also reduced methane emission in rice paddy field. A sustainable agricultural production mode was formed.