Soil pollution has been attracting considerable public attentions over the last decades. Sorts of traditional physiochemical methods have been used to remove the organic pollutants from soils. However, the enormous co...Soil pollution has been attracting considerable public attentions over the last decades. Sorts of traditional physiochemical methods have been used to remove the organic pollutants from soils. However, the enormous costs and low efficiencies associated with these remediation technologies limit their availabilities. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses plants to cleanup pollutants in soils. As overwhelmingly positive results have been shown, phytoremediation is a most economical and effective remediation technique for organic contaminated soils. In this paper phytoremediation and its models for organic contaminated soils are viewed. The mechanisms of phytoremediation mainly include the direct plant uptake of organic pollutants, degradation by plant-derived degradative enzymes, and stimulated biodegradation in plant rhizosphere. Phytoremediation efficiency is close related to physicochemical properties of organic pollutants, environmental characteristics, and plant types. It is no doubt that soil amendments such as surfactants improve the solubilities and availabilities of organic pollutants in soils. However, little information is available about effects of soil amendments on phytoremediation efficiencies. Phytoremediation models have been developed to simulate and predict the environmental behavior of organic pollutants, and progress of models is illustrated. In many ways phytoremediation is still in its initial stage, and recommendations for the future research on phytoremediation are presented.展开更多
Phytoremediation is becoming a cost-effective technology for the in-situ clean up of sites polluted with hydrophobic organic contaminants （HOCs）. The major factors limiting phytoremediation are the mass transfer, ra...Phytoremediation is becoming a cost-effective technology for the in-situ clean up of sites polluted with hydrophobic organic contaminants （HOCs）. The major factors limiting phytoremediation are the mass transfer, rate of plant uptake, and microbial biodegradation of HOCs. This article discusses the potential of surfactants to enhance desorption, plant uptake, and biodegradation of HOCs in the contaminated sites. Positive effects of surfactants on phytoremediation have been recently observed in greenhouse studies. The presence of some nonionic surfactants including polyoxyethylene sorbltan monooleate （Tween 80） and polyoxyethylene（23）dodecanol （Brij35） at relatively low concentrations resulted in significant positive effects on phytoremediation for pyrene-contaminated soil. However, the anionic surfactant （sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS） and the cationic surfactant （cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTMAB） were not useful because of their phytotoxicity or low efficiency for surfactant-enhanced phytoremediation （SEPR）. The mechanisms of SEPR for HOC-contaminated sites were evaluated by considering experimental observations. In view of concerns about the cost effectiveness and toxicity of surfactants to plants, more research is needed to enhance the use of SEPR technology.展开更多
目的探讨超声骨刀在颈椎后纵韧带骨化症(ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)颈前路骨化灶切除术中应用的有效性和安全性。方法43例颈椎OPLL患者均行超声骨刀辅助下颈前路骨化灶切除术,记录手术时间、术中出血...目的探讨超声骨刀在颈椎后纵韧带骨化症(ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)颈前路骨化灶切除术中应用的有效性和安全性。方法43例颈椎OPLL患者均行超声骨刀辅助下颈前路骨化灶切除术,记录手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间及术后并发症发生情况。术后随访34~46个月,记录术前、术后3d、术后3个月、术后1年及末次随访时日本骨科协会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA)评分和颈椎功能障碍指数(neck disability index,NDI);末次随访时计算JOA评分改善率,评价手术疗效优良率;术后3、6、9、12个月及之后每年1次行颈椎正侧位X线片或颈椎CT检查评估植骨融合情况。结果43例患者手术均顺利完成,后纵韧带骨化灶完全切除,脊髓及神经根压迫完全解除;手术时间80~160(118.1±19.3)min,术中出血量45~185(98.1±35.6)mL,术后住院时间2~3(2.2±0.4)d。43例患者随访(42.0±6.6)个月,术后6个月时均植骨融合良好。术前、术后3d、术后3个月、术后1年及末次随访时JOA评分[(9.9±1.4)、(13.0±0.8)、(14.3±0.7)、(15.5±1.0)、(16.8±0.6)分]依次升高(P<0.05),NDI评分[(48.8±8.6)、(28.8±3.3)、(11.3±2.3)、(6.2±0.6)、(4.2±0.9)分]依次降低(P<0.05)。末次随访时手术疗效优良率为86.0%。43例患者术后发生脑脊液漏1例,声音沙哑3例,吞咽困难2例,给予对症治疗后逐渐恢复;未发生切口感染、食管瘘、气管损伤、喉上神经损伤、血肿等并发症。末次随访时患者均植骨融合良好,未发生内固定松动、断裂、移位、下沉等并发症。结论颈椎OPLL患者行超声骨刀辅助下颈前路骨化灶切除术,骨化灶切除完全,脊髓减压充分,手术时间短、术中出血量少、恢复快,疗效良好,安全性高。展开更多
基金The National Excellent Young Scientist Fundation of China (No .2 0 12 5 719)
文摘Soil pollution has been attracting considerable public attentions over the last decades. Sorts of traditional physiochemical methods have been used to remove the organic pollutants from soils. However, the enormous costs and low efficiencies associated with these remediation technologies limit their availabilities. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses plants to cleanup pollutants in soils. As overwhelmingly positive results have been shown, phytoremediation is a most economical and effective remediation technique for organic contaminated soils. In this paper phytoremediation and its models for organic contaminated soils are viewed. The mechanisms of phytoremediation mainly include the direct plant uptake of organic pollutants, degradation by plant-derived degradative enzymes, and stimulated biodegradation in plant rhizosphere. Phytoremediation efficiency is close related to physicochemical properties of organic pollutants, environmental characteristics, and plant types. It is no doubt that soil amendments such as surfactants improve the solubilities and availabilities of organic pollutants in soils. However, little information is available about effects of soil amendments on phytoremediation efficiencies. Phytoremediation models have been developed to simulate and predict the environmental behavior of organic pollutants, and progress of models is illustrated. In many ways phytoremediation is still in its initial stage, and recommendations for the future research on phytoremediation are presented.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.20507009)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET) of the Ministry of Education of China,the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Outstanding Young Scientist (No.BK2006518)and the International Foundation for Science (No.C/3958-1).
文摘Phytoremediation is becoming a cost-effective technology for the in-situ clean up of sites polluted with hydrophobic organic contaminants （HOCs）. The major factors limiting phytoremediation are the mass transfer, rate of plant uptake, and microbial biodegradation of HOCs. This article discusses the potential of surfactants to enhance desorption, plant uptake, and biodegradation of HOCs in the contaminated sites. Positive effects of surfactants on phytoremediation have been recently observed in greenhouse studies. The presence of some nonionic surfactants including polyoxyethylene sorbltan monooleate （Tween 80） and polyoxyethylene（23）dodecanol （Brij35） at relatively low concentrations resulted in significant positive effects on phytoremediation for pyrene-contaminated soil. However, the anionic surfactant （sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS） and the cationic surfactant （cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTMAB） were not useful because of their phytotoxicity or low efficiency for surfactant-enhanced phytoremediation （SEPR）. The mechanisms of SEPR for HOC-contaminated sites were evaluated by considering experimental observations. In view of concerns about the cost effectiveness and toxicity of surfactants to plants, more research is needed to enhance the use of SEPR technology.
文摘目的探讨超声骨刀在颈椎后纵韧带骨化症(ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)颈前路骨化灶切除术中应用的有效性和安全性。方法43例颈椎OPLL患者均行超声骨刀辅助下颈前路骨化灶切除术,记录手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间及术后并发症发生情况。术后随访34~46个月,记录术前、术后3d、术后3个月、术后1年及末次随访时日本骨科协会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA)评分和颈椎功能障碍指数(neck disability index,NDI);末次随访时计算JOA评分改善率,评价手术疗效优良率;术后3、6、9、12个月及之后每年1次行颈椎正侧位X线片或颈椎CT检查评估植骨融合情况。结果43例患者手术均顺利完成,后纵韧带骨化灶完全切除,脊髓及神经根压迫完全解除;手术时间80~160(118.1±19.3)min,术中出血量45~185(98.1±35.6)mL,术后住院时间2~3(2.2±0.4)d。43例患者随访(42.0±6.6)个月,术后6个月时均植骨融合良好。术前、术后3d、术后3个月、术后1年及末次随访时JOA评分[(9.9±1.4)、(13.0±0.8)、(14.3±0.7)、(15.5±1.0)、(16.8±0.6)分]依次升高(P<0.05),NDI评分[(48.8±8.6)、(28.8±3.3)、(11.3±2.3)、(6.2±0.6)、(4.2±0.9)分]依次降低(P<0.05)。末次随访时手术疗效优良率为86.0%。43例患者术后发生脑脊液漏1例,声音沙哑3例,吞咽困难2例,给予对症治疗后逐渐恢复;未发生切口感染、食管瘘、气管损伤、喉上神经损伤、血肿等并发症。末次随访时患者均植骨融合良好,未发生内固定松动、断裂、移位、下沉等并发症。结论颈椎OPLL患者行超声骨刀辅助下颈前路骨化灶切除术,骨化灶切除完全,脊髓减压充分,手术时间短、术中出血量少、恢复快,疗效良好,安全性高。
