活性污泥和生物膜模型预测污水中PPCPs去除研究进展

药品及个人护理用品(pharmaceutical and personal care products,PPCPs)在污水中广泛检出,低浓度的PPCPs即可对生态环境和人体健康产生不利影响,污水处理厂出水排放是水环境PPCPs的重要源。活性污泥和生物膜工艺是目前最常用的污水生物处理工艺,这两种工艺涉及的生化过程复杂,影响因素众多,难以有效去除PPCPs。数学模型是污水处理工艺运行优化的重要工具。本文系统阐述了PPCPs去除模型的建立方法,包括物质和微生物组分及PPCPs去除过程的确定、动力学方程及关键系数的测定与校准、活性污泥和生物膜模型的异同等;综述了污水中PPCPs去除模型的应用研究进展,包括用于评价不同微生物对PPCPs的降解性能、探究污水中PPCPs的生物降解机制及限制因素、优化影响PPCPs去除的参数等,为精准调控污水中PPCPs去除提供参考。

污水生物处理过程药品及个人护理品转化产物识别研究进展

药品及个人护理品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)在污水生物处理过程会发生生物及化学转化从而生成转化产物,某些转化产物较母体化合物毒性更高。目前对PPCPs转化产物关注不够,转化产物识别方法不明确。本文介绍了污水中PPCPs转化产物的识别流程,系统阐述了样品获取、样品前处理、基于液相色谱串联高分辨质谱的样品检测及质谱数据解析等技术,提出了适合污水中PPCPs转化产物的识别技术。在此基础上,分别阐述了抗生素类、激素类、非甾体抗炎药类、精神类药物及其他PPCPs在污水中的产物识别技术及所识别出的产物及转化反应。本综述为全面识别污水中PPCPs转化产物并采取有效的控制策略提供了参考方法。

污水中新兴污染物的非靶向筛查研究进展

大量的新兴污染物(ECs)随污水排放入自然环境中,对水生生物和水质安全造成了潜在的威胁。污水中新兴污染物的识别,是研究污染物迁移转化过程、毒性效应的前提。基于色谱-高分辨率质谱的非靶向筛查技术能够实现复杂水环境中新兴污染物的高通量测定。综述了现有非靶向筛查技术在识别污水中的新兴污染物的研究进展,主要包括样品的预处理方法,色谱-高分辨率质谱仪器测定方法与数据处理的过程及参数优化,非靶向识别新兴污染物的应用进展和发展趋势等,可为污水中新兴污染物的识别提供方法学参考。

使用生物测试方法评价水质毒性的研究进展

生物测试方法包括体外生物测试与体内生物测试,是水质毒性评价中的重要手段。综述了常用于水质毒性评价的体外和体内生物测试方法。针对体外生物测试,介绍了细胞毒性与遗传毒性实验的方法及应用现状,并着重论述了重组受体报告基因法的生物活性终点种类和效应触发值;针对体内生物测试方法,阐述了体内实验的受试生物种类、毒性测试方法与毒性终点判断。在此基础上,比较了体外生物测试和体内生物测试的优缺点,并对生物测试应用于水质毒性评价的未来研究方法提出了建议,旨在为今后生物测试方法在水质毒性评价中的应用及相关标准制定提供参考。

联合活化过硫酸盐及其去除污水中污染物研究进展

过硫酸盐(Persulfate,PS)高级氧化工艺是去除污水中污染物的有效方法。该工艺以PS为氧化剂,将其活化后对污染物进行氧化降解。PS的不同活化方式相互联合具有协同作用,表现出超越单一活化简单加和的污染物去除效果。综述了PS的活化方式,阐述了包括过渡金属之间联合活化、非金属与过渡金属联合活化、非金属之间联合活化在内的不同类别联合活化的活化机理,讨论了联合活化PS在去除微量有机污染物中的应用现状,并对联合活化PS技术的发展前景进行展望。

基于荧光预测污水中痕量有机污染物衰减研究进展

暴露在水环境中的痕量有机污染物(Trace organic contaminants,TrOCs)已经威胁到人类健康。TrOCs排放至水环境的主要源头是污水处理厂,其在污水处理厂可通过二级处理工艺和深度处理工艺去除。但由于TrOCs种类繁多、浓度低,监测难度较高,加之人们为了便于对工艺进行可行性评价、比较以及改进等又提出了频繁监测的需求,因此,实时监测TrOCs在处理过程中的衰减具有挑战性。现已有研究提出了采用替代指标指示TrOCs的衰减,其中基于三维荧光光谱(Excitation emission matrix,EEM)开发的荧光参数是预测TrOCs衰减的合适替代指标。综述了三种EEM的主要分析方法,包括峰值法、荧光区域积分和平行因子分析以及各方法涉及到的相关荧光参数。在此基础上,详细介绍和比较了基于EEM构建的预测TrOCs衰减的线性回归模型和非线性回归模型及其构建过程,最后对预测模型在各种污水处理场景中的应用进行了回顾。本综述可为选择和开发预测TrOCs衰减的荧光参数和模型提供参考。

Stimulation of gaseous phosphine production from Antarctic seabird guanos and ornithogenic soils

Matrix-bound phosphine （MBP） is a general term used to indicate non-gaseous reduced phosphorus compounds that are transformed into phosphine gas upon reaction with bases or acids. Antarctic seabird guanos and ornithogenic soils were used as materials to compare the different digestion methods for transforming matrix-bound phosphine into phosphine gas. The results demonstrated that more phosphine gas in most of Antarctic environmental materials was formed of matrix-bound phosphine by caustic digestion than by acidic digestion. The comparative study on different digestion methods also revealed that the fraction of MBP converted to gaseous phosphine during the digestion depended on the temperature. The optimal digestion temperature was close to 70℃and the optimal digestion time was about 20 min. Acidic conditions were more favorable for the release of matrix-bound phosphine compared to the neutral conditions. A proper water dilution can increase the production and emission of phosphine from the Antarctic penguin guanos.

PH_3 monitoring in Arctic and Dalian bay areas

In this paper, we use pre-column 2 times low-temperature cryo-trap enrichment--gas chromatography（GC） /nitrogen and phosphorus detector（NPD）to detect and analyze phosphine in Arctic pole area for the first time. The results show phosphine exists in all of the samples in Arctic pole biosphere and phosphine concentration in Arctic atmosphere is between 18.54- 132.18 ng/m^3, almost the same as that in Antarctic atmosphere; phosphine concentration in Dalian bay sea surface sediments is between 116. 8- 554.3 ng/kg, almost the same as that reported in Jiao-zhou bay. Our research of phosphine will shed new light on the mechanisms showing how the phosphorus supplement influences the biogeochemical cycle and global warming.

Matrix-bound phosphine in Ny-Alesund Area of Arctic

Phosphine, a ubiquitous trace gas in the atmosphere, acts as a carrier of gasous phosphorus in the biogeochemical cycle. The research of phosphine will show new light on the mechanisms of how the phos- phorus supplement influence the biogeochemical cycle and global wanning. In this paper, we detect the phosphine in Arctic Pole area for the first time. The result shows that matrix-bound phosphine（MBP） ex- ists in all the samplings. Phosphine distributions varied with different environmental origins. Average phosphine concentrations in tundra soil, lake sediments, sea sediments, seabird-droppings and deer guanos were 14.17ng/kg dry, 35.44 kg dry, 67.20 kg dry, 32.9 ng/kg dry, and 25.52 ng/kg dry re- spectively. Correlation analysis shows that there is an obviously positive correlation between Porg and MBP. It could be concluded that anaerobic decomposition of Porg and the mechano-chemistry action of the rock probably are the possible reasons explaining the mechanism of MBP production in Arctic Pole area.

生物膜填料比表面积对移动床生物膜反应器中非甾体抗炎药去除的影响

非甾体抗炎药(Nonsteroidal anti⁃inflammatory pharmaceuticals,NSAIDs)是污水中高频检出的新兴污染物.污水处理厂对其去除效果不佳,出水中的NSAIDs会对水生生态系统造成潜在不利影响.移动床生物膜反应器(Moving bed biofilm reactors,MBBRs)是一种去除污水中新兴污染物极有潜力的生物处理技术.MBBRs中填料的比表面积对NSAIDs去除影响较大.本研究选用3组不同比表面积的填料(S填料:460 m2·m-3,M填料:800 m2·m-3,L填料:1200 m2·m-3),采用实验室规模的MBBRs运行150 d去除环境浓度(50μg·L-1)的NSAIDs—双氯芬酸(Diclofenac,DCF)、萘普生(Naproxen,NPX)和布洛芬(Ibuprofen,IBP),考察了填料比表面积对MBBRs中NSAIDs去除的影响及其潜在的影响机制.结果表明,填料的比表面积对NPX、IBP的去除具有显著影响(p<0.05),对DCF去除效果影响不明显.S、L填料有利于提高生物膜的活性(ATP浓度和脱氢酶活性),而ATP浓度和脱氢酶活性与NPX和IBP的去除呈正相关.门水平上的变形菌门及属水平上的Steroidobacter、Acinetobacter的相对丰度随比表面积增加而提高,且变形菌门及Steroidobacter、Acinetobacter的相对分度与NPX、IBP去除规律一致.本研究揭示了MBBRs中填料比表面积通过影响微生物活性及群落结构从而影响NSAIDs去除的潜在机制,为MBBRs对新兴污染物的去除提供了参考.

高级氧化联合生物活性炭工艺深度净化污水中PPCPs研究进展

污水处理厂传统的二级生化处理对药品及个人护理用品(Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products, PPCPs)等新兴污染物的去除率较低, PPCPs随出水排放会给生态环境带来较大的风险,并会经过生物富集最终危害到人体健康,因此需要通过进一步的深度净化以削减其风险.本文综述了常见PPCPs在污水处理系统的分布特征及生态风险,阐述了高级氧化工艺(Advanced oxidation processes, AOPs)、生物活性炭工艺(Biological activated carbon, BAC)以及高级氧化联合生物活性炭工艺(AOPs-BAC)深度净化PPCPs的净化原理,在此基础上,综述了AOPs-BAC工艺对污水中PPCPs的深度净化效果及主要影响因素,并探讨了AOPs-BAC工艺对污水中PPCPs的风险削减能力,为污水中PPCPs深度净化工艺的研发及PPCPs的生态风险控制提供了参考.

发酵制药废水二级出水中溶解性有机物特性分析

溶解性有机物(DOM)是发酵制药废水二级生化尾水深度处理工艺的主要去除对象,深入解析废水中DOM的特性是将其有效去除的前提和关键.本研究采集氨基酸类、头孢类、抗生素类、维生素类、阿维菌素类5种发酵制药废水二级出水,通过XAD-8树脂亲疏水性分离、凝胶色谱分子量分级、傅里叶变换红外光谱和三维荧光表征对二级出水中的DOM进行特性分析.结果表明,5种发酵制药废水二级出水的盐度和色度高,废水中有机物浓度高、波动大(48.60~245.40 mg·L^(-1)).DOM大多数以疏水性组分为主,分子量分布广泛(210~10000 Da).二级出水DOM均含有大量的不饱和双键、苯环结构,同时含有—OH、—NH2和C=O等发色团和助色基团,造成废水色度较高.通过对发酵制药废水二级出水进行EEM-PARAFAC分析确定了4种荧光组分特征峰,包括3种腐殖质类(C1、C3、C4)和1种类蛋白类组分(C2).发酵制药废水二级出水中DOM主要是以类腐殖质有机物为主(C1、C3).全方面识别和解析发酵制药废水DOM的组成,可为废水深度处理工艺的优化提供指导.

环境浓度双氯芬酸对活性污泥处理性能和微生物群落的影响

双氯芬酸(Diclofenac,DCF)是水环境中高频检出的新兴污染物,随着DCF的广泛使用,城市污水中的DCF逐年增加,对污水生物处理系统可能产生不利影响.本研究在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中进行了连续120 d的DCF暴露实验,考察了环境浓度DCF(5和50μg·L^-1)对SBR出水水质、微生物活性及微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,DCF可降低COD的去除效果,但对氨氮和总氮的去除几乎没有影响.在微生物生理生化性能方面,5μg·L^-1 DCF可促进超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性升高,但50μg·L^-1 DCF导致SOD和SDH活性下降,DCF胁迫使胞外聚合物(EPS)含量增加.DCF会对微生物群落结构造成影响,其中,革兰氏阴性菌丰度增加,革兰氏阳性菌在5μg·L^-1 DCF压力下丰度无明显变化,但在50μg·L^-1 DCF压力下丰度显著降低(p<0.05),微生物群落多样性在5μg·L^-1 DCF下增加但在50μg·L^-1 DCF下降低.16S rRNA基因焦磷酸测序结果表明,Proteobacteria是活性污泥群落中的优势门.随着DCF浓度的升高,Proteobacteria丰度不断增加,Chloroflexi、OD1和Firmicutes丰度则受到一定程度的抑制.高浓度DCF(50μg·L^-1)刺激导致特定菌属如Nakamurella、Micropruina等丰度增加.研究结果揭示了环境浓度的DCF对活性污泥微生物处理能力和群落结构的影响特征,可为DCF的风险评估和污水处理工艺的优化提供借鉴.

武进港流域地表水中新污染物的高通量筛查与源解析

新污染物长期存在于水环境中,其对生态、人类健康存在的潜在危害和风险是不可忽视,而研究其在地表水中的分布特征及其来源可对新污染物的源头治理与管控提供帮助.武进港是太湖西北部的主要入湖河流之一,为了解武进港流域新污染物的分布,采用液相色谱-高分辨率质谱仪(LC-HRMS)对19处地表水样(包括主河道12个水样、支流7个水样)和污水处理厂出水水样中的新污染物进行高通量筛查.共识别出294种新污染物,其中药物类和农药类新污染物占比较大,分别为35.4%和32.3%.主成分分析表明,污水处理厂出水受新污染物污染的情况与地表水具有显著差异,同时19个地表水点位中,新污染物的分布在武进港流域存在南北地区差异.通过Mann-Whitney U检验,并绘制火山图,北部筛选出70种特征新污染物,其中药物类新污染物占比最大,为48.6%,包括咖啡因、金刚烷胺、缬沙坦等.南部筛选出17种特征新污染物,农药类占比最大,为52.9%,包括2-甲基-4-氯苯氧乙酸(MCPA)、灭草松等.相关性分析结果显示,农药类特征新污染物与农田占比呈正相关.

制药废水二级出水中溶解性有机物混凝去除特性研究

制药废水二级出水中溶解性有机物(DOM)由于组成复杂、难去除、具有多异质性和分散性,是污水深度处理与回用的主要去除对象和关键限制因子.本论文以发酵制药废水二级出水的DOM为研究对象,采用投加聚合氯化铝(PAC)混凝剂去除DOM,考察混凝剂投加量和混凝pH值对去除效果的影响,并结合分子量分级、亲疏水性分级以及三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析方法等对DOM进行了系统表征和分析,进一步阐述混凝过程DOM的去除特征.结果表明,PAC投加量为250 mg·L^-1、pH=7时,混凝沉淀30 min对DOC、UV254、色度和浊度的去除率分别为13.05%±0.29%、23.65%±0.75%、12.66%±1.34%、63.67%±0.89%;混凝对分子量>10 kDa的组分和疏水中性(HON)组分去除效果分别为50.33%±0.98%、21.56%±0.42%,而对分子量<1 kDa组分去除率较低为2.26%±0.12%;三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析将制药废水二级出水分为2个类腐殖质组分(C1、C3)和1个类蛋白组分(C2),混凝对类腐殖酸组分(C1)最大荧光强度去除率(Fmax)最高为46.22%,而亲水性的小分子和蛋白类物质混凝去除效果较差.

磁场强化曝气生物滤池处理高浓度氨氮废水的研究

本研究采用普通陶粒、普通陶粒外加静态磁场(50 mT)和磁性陶粒(2.5 mT和5 mT)曝气生物滤池处理高浓度氨氮废水,对比研究了不同类型和强度的磁场强化下曝气生物滤池的硝化反硝化效果,并通过分子生物学手段系统分析了磁场强化硝化反硝化的微生物学机理.结果表明,随着氨氮浓度增加,磁场强化下曝气生物滤池硝化反硝化效果显著高于普通陶粒曝气生物滤池.当氨氮浓度提高到400 mg∙L^(-1)时,磁场强化曝气生物滤池(磁性陶粒和外加静态磁场)的氨氮去除率大于97%,高于普通陶粒曝气生物滤池的氨氮去除率(88%);磁场强度为2.5 mT的磁性陶粒曝气生物滤池的总氮去除率达到67%,显著高于其他3个曝气生物滤池(p<0.05)(分别为55%、54%和55%).分子生物学检测结果表明,2.5 mT磁场强度的磁性陶粒上生物膜的硝化反硝化酶活性和功能基因丰度大幅提高,硝化反硝化细菌的丰度及多样性显著增加.

MnO_(2)强化厌氧氨氧化工艺启动及其微生物机理研究

通过对照试验考察了添加MnO_(2)对厌氧氨氧化污泥驯化和培养的影响,并采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术和定量PCR分析其机理.结果表明,添加MnO_(2)粉末能够显著提高容积氮负荷及运行性能,其脱氮速率高达848.04 mg·L^(-1)·d^(-1),几乎是对照组反应器的2倍.16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术和定量PCR结果表明,添加MnO_(2)粉末促进了典型厌氧氨氧化菌Candidate Brocadia的富集,厌氧氨氧化菌16S rRNA基因和功能基因hzsB的丰度显著提高.

The determination of atmospheric phosphine in Ny-lesund

Phoshpine (PH3), a volatile and toxic gas, has been proved to commonly exist in the environment.The determination of gaseous phosphine and its emission fluxes in Ny-lesund is reported in this paper.Results showed that gaseous phosphine exist in Arctic atmosphere commonly and the concentration of phosphine ranged from 16.3-600.2 ng/m3, with the maximum concentration of phosphine in tundra areas and the minimum in surface air of ocean.The concentration of phosphine ranged from 65.79-1259 ng/m3 in colliery atmosphere at different altitudes and the maximum was found in the center of colliery.Emission fluxes of phosphine were different in various Arctic areas.Emission fluxes of phosphine from protected areas, with average concentration of 32.13±5.353 ng m–2 h–1, were higher than from other areas.And the flux of phosphine from ocean was lower.

The first determination of atmospheric phosphine in Antarctica

It is generally thought that phosphine (PH3) concentrations exist at the low ng/m3 level during the night and at the pg/m3 level during daylight in the remote atmosphere of the lower troposphere. The first de- termination of gaseous PH3 on the Antarctic Millor Peninsula is reported in this paper. No PH3 was de- tected in the air samples around 10:00 when it was sunny. However, PH3 was found in all the 10:00 air samples when it was cloudy or light snow with the average of 75.3±28.8 ng/m3 (n=5). It was also found in nearly all the samples around 22:00 with the average of 87.2±70.9 ng/m3 (n=11). Atmospheric PH3 concentrations around 22:00 were generally higher than those around 10:00 in January and they were almost the same in February. In addition, PH3 concentrations around 22:00 showed a downtrend with the decreasing air temperature, suggesting that light intensity and air temperature had an important effect on atmospheric PH3 concentration. It is very surprising to have found that high concentrations of PH3 exist in the Antarctic atmosphere under the influence of strong UV-radiation and light intensity. The tentative analyses show that dry, cold and very clean atmosphere may be very suitable for the PH3 sur- vival and cause the concentration to increase and accumulate in the local atmosphere. New ap- proaches for the PH3 formation and the process of atmospheric chemistry may exist under such an extreme environment. Atmospheric PH3 may also be from the emissions of local sources.

Effects of environmental factors on the production and release of matrix-bound phosphine from lake sediments

Effects of pH,temperature,and oxygen on the production and release of phosphine in eutrophic lake sedi-ments were investigated under laboratory tests.Results indi-cated that the elimination of matrix-bound phosphine was accelerated under initial pH 1 or 12.Phosphine levels could reach maximum under initial pH 10.The contents of phos-phine increased with the addition of alkali under pH 4-12.The rates of phosphine production and release from lake sed-iments varied with temperature.20°C was the most favorable temperature for the production of matrix-bound phosphine.Oxygen showed little effect on matrix-bound phosphine.Matrix-bound phosphine concentrations in lake sediments were concluded to be dependent on a balance of natural generation and depletion processes.