深部硬岩矩形隧洞围岩板裂破坏的试验模拟研究

为了深入认识深部硬岩矩形隧洞围岩板裂破坏的发生机制,利用花岗岩材料加工含预制矩形孔洞(40 mm×40 mm)的立方体试样(100 mm×100 mm×100 mm),并采用TRW-3000岩石真三轴电液伺服诱变试验机进行了模拟试验研究。模拟试验中首先以深部1 000 m的地应力条件作为初始加载应力状态,保持孔洞径向和轴向的水平向应力不变,然后在竖直向加载直至孔洞两侧洞壁围岩发生破坏,并保证试样整体始终处于稳定状态。加载过程中利用岩样内部结构破坏实时视频监控系统,进行全程的实时记录和监测。试验结果表明,在竖直向为最大主应力和水平轴向为中间主应力的情况下,矩形孔洞两侧洞壁围岩整体发生明显的板裂破坏,破坏区域呈对称状,而顶板和底板始终保持稳定状态。侧壁围岩的破坏方向平行于竖直向,呈现典型的张拉板裂状破坏特征。整个破坏过程划分为平静期阶段、洞壁两侧上下肩角处颗粒弹射阶段、侧壁围岩裂纹扩展阶段和裂纹贯通板裂破坏阶段。当进入到裂纹贯通板裂破坏阶段时,无论是加载还是保载过程,板裂破坏都可能持续发展。试验过程中,试样洞壁两侧围岩的板裂破坏整体上呈现静态破坏模式,而且破坏区域沿水平方向逐渐向洞壁深部发展,最终形成沿轴向的贯穿型对称弧形槽。

深部直墙拱形隧洞围岩板裂破坏的模拟试验研究

为了解深部直墙拱形隧洞板裂破坏的发生过程和机制,采用TRW-3000真三轴试验系统对含直墙拱形孔洞的红砂岩立方体试样(100 mm×100 mm×100 mm)进行了真三轴试验,模拟了深度500 m初始地应力环境下直墙拱形隧洞板裂破坏过程,并利用岩样内部破坏视频监控系统对试验过程进行实时记录和监测。试验完成后,对试验过程中孔洞侧壁破坏过程、破坏特征进行了分析,并与同等深度的圆形孔洞洞壁破坏进行了对比。结果表明:在竖直应力为最大主应力和水平径向应力为最小主应力的条件下,直墙拱形孔洞破坏主要发生在两侧拱脚和拱腰之间,靠近自由面的围岩破裂为近似平行于最大主应力的板状薄岩片,呈典型的张拉板裂破裂特征;随最大主应力的增加,板裂破坏逐渐向孔洞水平径向发展,板裂岩片呈现中间厚、两翼薄的弧形特征,最终形成对称的V型槽破坏区,并具有明显的时间效应。与圆形孔洞的动力破坏特征相比,直墙拱形孔洞主要偏于静力破坏,且初始破坏所需应力水平高,孔洞侧壁在高应力环境中破坏更严重。

Rockburst proneness criteria for rock materials:Review and new insights

To review the rockburst proneness(or tendency)criteria of rock materials and compare the judgment accuracy of them,twenty criteria were summarized,and their judgment accuracy was evaluated and compared based on the laboratory tests on fourteen types of rocks.This study begins firstly by introducing the twenty rockburst proneness criteria,and their origins,definitions,calculation methods and grading standards were summarized in detail.Subsequently,to evaluate and compare the judgment accuracy of the twenty criteria,a series of laboratory tests were carried out on fourteen types of rocks,and the rockburst proneness judgment results of the twenty criteria for the fourteen types of rocks were obtained accordingly.Moreover,to provide a unified basis for the judgment accuracy evaluation of above criteria,a classification standard(obtained according to the actual failure results and phenomena of rock specimen)of rockburst proneness in laboratory tests was introduced.The judgment results of the twenty criteria were compared with the judgment results of this classification standard.The results show that the judgment results of the criterion based on residual elastic energy(REE)index are completely consistent with the actual rockburst proneness,and the other criteria have some inconsistent situations more or less.Moreover,the REE index is based on the linear energy storage law and defined in form of a difference value and considered the whole failure process,and these superior characteristics ensure its accuracy.It is believed that the criterion based on REE index is comparatively more accurate and scientific than other criteria,and it can be recommended to be applied to judge the rockburst proneness of rock materials.

Experimental simulation investigation of influence of depth on spalling characteristics in circular hard rock tunnel

A series of true-triaxial compression tests were performed on red sandstone cubic specimens with a circular hole to investigate the influence of depth on induced spalling in tunnels.The failure process of the hole sidewalls was monitored and recorded in real-time by a micro-video monitoring equipment.The general failure evolution processes of the hole sidewall at different initial depths(500 m,1000 m and 1500 m)during the adjustment of vertical stress were obtained.The results show that the hole sidewall all formed spalling before resulting in strain rockburst,and ultimately forming a V-shaped notch.The far-field principal stress for the initial failure of the tunnel shows a good positive linear correlation with the depth.As the depth increases,the stress required for the initial failure of the tunnels clearly increased,the spalling became more intense;the size and mass of the rock fragments and depth and width of the V-shaped notches increased,and the range of the failure zone extends along the hole sidewall from the local area to the entire area.Therefore,as the depth increases,the support area around the tunnel should be increased accordingly to prevent spalling.

Brazilian disc test study on tensile strength-weakening effect of high pre-loaded red sandstone under dynamic disturbance

Tensile failure(spalling or slabbing)often occurs on the sidewall of deep tunnel,which is closely related to the coupled stress state of deep rock mass under high pre-static load and dynamic disturbance.To reveal the mechanism of rock tensile failure caused by this coupled stress mode,the Brazilian disc tests were carried on red sandstone under high pre-static load induced by dynamic disturbance.Based on the pure static tensile fracture load of red sandstone specimen,two static load levels(80%and 90%of the pure static tensile fracture load)were selected as the initial high pre-static loading state,and then the dynamic disturbance load was applied until the rock specimen was destroyed.The dynamic disturbance loading mode adopted a sinusoidal wave(sine-wave)load,and the loading wave amplitude was 20%and 10%of the pure static tensile fracture load,respectively.The dynamic disturbance frequencies were set to 1,10,20,30,40,and 50 Hz.The results show that the tensile failure strength and peak displacement of red sandstone specimens under coupled load actions are lower than those under pure static tensile load,and both parameters decrease significantly with the increase of dynamic disturbance frequency.With the increase of dynamic disturbance frequency,the decrease range of tensile strength of red sandstone increased from 3.3%to 9.4%when the pre-static load level is 80%.While when the pre-static load level is 90%,the decrease range will increase from 7.4%to 11.6%.This weakening effect of tensile strength shows that the deep surrounding rock is more likely to fail under the coupled load actions of pre-static load and dynamic disturbance.In this tensile failure mechanism of the deep surrounding rock,the stress environment of deep sidewall rock determines that the failure mode of rock is a tensile failure,the pre-static load level dominates the tensile failure strength of surrounding rock,and dynamic disturbance promotes the strength-weakening effect and affects the weakening range.

Experimental study on energy storage and dissipation characteristics of granite under two-dimensional compression with constant confining pressure

To study the energy storage and dissipation characteristics of deep rock under two-dimensional compression with constant confining pressure,the single cyclic loading-unloading two-dimensional compression tests were performed on granite specimens with two height-to-width(H/W)ratios under five confining pressures.Three energy density parameters(input energy density,elastic energy density and dissipated energy density)in the axial and lateral directions of granite specimens under different confining pressures were calculated using the area integral method.The experimental results show that,for the specimens with a specific H/W ratio,these three energy density parameters in the axial and lateral directions increase nonlinearly with the confining pressure as quadratic polynomial functions.Under constant confining pressure compression,the linear energy storage law of granite specimens in the axial and lateral directions was founded.Using the linear energy storage law in different directions,the elastic energy density in various directions(axial elastic energy density,lateral elastic energy density and total elastic energy density)of granite under any specific confining pressures can be calculated.When the H/W ratio varies from 1:1 to 2:1,the lateral compression energy storage coefficient increases and the corresponding axial compression energy storage coefficient decreases,while the total compression energy storage coefficient is almost independent of the H/W ratio.

Dynamic characteristics of high stressed red sandstone subjected to unloading and impact loads

In the process of deep projects excavation,deep rock often experiences a full stress process from high stress to unloading and then to impact disturbance failure.To study the dynamic characteristics of three-dimensional high stressed red sandstone subjected to unloading and impact loads,impact compression tests were conducted on red sandstone under confining pressure unloading conditions using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar.Impact disturbance tests of uniaxial pre-stressed rock were also conducted(without considering confining pressure unloading effect).The results demonstrate that the impact compression strength of red sandstone shows an obvious strain rate effect.With an approximately equal strain rate,the dynamic strength of red sandstone under confining unloading conditions is less than that in the uniaxial pre-stressed impact compression test.Confining pressure unloading produces a strength-weakening effect,and the dynamic strength weakening factor(DSWF)is also defined.The results also indicate that the strain rate of the rock and the incident energy change in a logarithmic relation.With similar incident energies,unloading results in a higher strain rate in pre-stressed rock.According to the experimental analysis,unloading does not affect the failure mode,but reduces the dynamic strength of pre-stressed rock.The influence of confining pressure unloading on the shear strength parameters(cohesion and friction angle)is discussed.Under the same external energy impact compression,prestressed rock subjected to unloading is more likely to be destroyed.Thus,the effect of unloading on the rock mechanical characteristics should be considered in deep rock project excavation design.

Effect of loading rate on fracture behaviors of shale under mode I loading

In this study,the effect of loading rate on shale fracture behaviors was investigated under dynamic and static loading conditions.Cracked straight through Brazilian disc(CSTBD)shale specimens were tested with a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)setup and INSTRON1346 servo-testing machine under pure mode I loading conditions.During the test,the crack propagation process was recorded by high-speed(HS)camera,and the acoustic emission(AE)signal generated by the fracture was collected by acoustic emission(AE)system.At the same time,crack propagation gauge(CPG)was used to measure the crack propagation velocity of the specimen.The results show that the crack propagation velocity and fracture toughness of shale have a positive correlation with the loading rate.The relationship among the crack propagation velocity,the fracture toughness and the loading rate is established under the static loading condition.In addition,the characteristics of AE signals with different loading rates are analyzed.It is found that the AE signals generated by microcrack growth decrease with the increase of loading rates.Meanwhile,the turning point of cumulative counting moves forward as the loading rate increases,which shows that the AE signal generated by shale fracture at low loading rate mainly comes from the initiation and propagation of microcracks,while at high loading rate it mainly comes from the formation of macro large-scale cracks.The fracture mechanism that causes shale fracture toughness and crack propagation velocity to vary with loading rate is also discussed based on the analysis results of AE signals.

Experimental investigation on influence of loading rate on rockburst in deep circular tunnel under true-triaxial stress condition

To investigate the influence of loading rate on rockburst in a circular tunnel under three-dimensional stress conditions,the true-triaxial tests were conducted on 100 mm×100 mm×100 mm cubic sandstone specimens with d50 mm circular perforated holes,and the failure process of hole sidewall was monitored and recorded in real-time by the microcamera.The loading rates were 0.02,0.10,and 0.50 MPa/s.The test results show that the rockburst process of hole sidewall experienced calm period,pellet ejection period,rock fragment exfoliation period and finally formed the V-shaped notch.The rockburst has a time lag and vertical stress is high when the rockburst occurs.The vertical stress at the initial failure of the hole sidewall increases with loading rate.During the same period after initial failure,the rockburst severity of hole sidewalls increased significantly with increasing loading rate.When the vertical stress is constant and maintains a high stress level,the rockburst of hole sidewall under low loading rate is more serious than that under high loading rate.With increasing loading rate,the quality of rock fragments produced by the rockburst decreases,and the fractal dimension of rock fragments increases.

Effects of loading waveforms on rock damage using particle simulation method

The particle simulation method is used to study the effects of loading waveforms （i.e. square, sinusoidal and triangle waveforms） on rock damage at mesoscopic scale. Then some influencing factors on rock damage at the mesoscopic scale, such as loading frequency, stress amplitude, mean stress, confining pressure and loading sequence, are also investigated with sinusoidal waveform in detail. The related numerical results have demonstrated that： 1） the loading waveform has a certain effect on rock failure processes. The square waveform has the most damage within these waveforms, while the triangle waveform has less damage than sinusoidal waveform. In each cycle, the number of microscopic cracks increases in the loading stage, while it keeps nearly constant in the unloading stage. 2） The loading frequency, stress amplitude, mean stress, confining pressure and loading sequence have considerable effects on rock damage subjected to cyclic loading. The higher the loading frequency, stress amplitude and mean stress, the greater the damage the rock accumulated; in contrast, the lower the confining pressure, the greater the damage the rock has accumulated. 3） There is a threshold value of mean stress and stress amplitude, below which no further damage accumulated after the first few cycle loadings. 4） The high-to-low loading sequence has more damage than the low-to-high loading sequence, suggesting that the rock damage is loading-path dependent.