不同孔径陶瓷膜硅烷改性及油水分离性能研究

具有低表面能的疏水陶瓷膜常用于含水油液分离,而渗透通量的提高是提升膜分离过程经济性的关键.本文通过有机硅烷接枝改性制备疏水陶瓷膜,研究硅烷改性对不同孔径陶瓷膜结构及油水分离性能的影响。以孔径为1 000 nm、100 nm、10 nm的3种陶瓷膜为研究对象,考察不同孔径陶瓷膜硅烷化改性前后膜表面微观形貌、润湿性及渗透阻力的变化,评价3种孔径疏水陶瓷膜在溶剂、酸碱等环境下的稳定性,并将3种孔径硅烷改性的陶瓷膜用于油包水乳液分离.结果表明,孔径越小的膜硅烷化改性后渗透阻力增幅越大,尤其是当孔径达到10 nm,改性前后渗透阻力相差近3倍;原膜孔径对改性膜润湿性影响不大,且均表现出良好的耐溶剂性、耐酸碱性.低压高流速的操作方式有利于提高改性膜通量;对于水含量1 000μL/L的W/O乳液,3种改性膜对水的截留率均超过93%,渗透液水含量低于70μL/L,其中1 000 nm改性膜通量最高,达375 L/(m^(2)·h),而10 nm膜更不易被污染;对于水含量10%(体积分数)的W/O乳液,1 000 nm改性膜污染非常严重,通量迅速下降为14.1 L/(m^(2)·h),而100 nm改性膜污染程度较小,通量较高.

天然气水合物分解的甲烷对海洋生物的影响

随着海底环境的变化以及全球变暖的加剧,天然气水合物分解释放出大量甲烷到海洋中,其中一部分甲烷会穿过海水释放到大气中,导致大气中的温室气体增加,从而加剧了全球暖化。本文从甲烷的释放和运移路径角度梳理和总结了甲烷对海洋生物的直接和间接影响。首先,水合物分解释放甲烷,在海底形成冷泉渗漏区,滋养了一批特殊的生物群落,而甲烷是其形成生命元素中不可或缺的要素,由此繁衍形成了冷泉生态系统。其次,甲烷释放到海水中会引起海水酸化,海水酸化不仅会导致钙化生物合成碳酸钙外壳受阻,还会加速已生成外壳的溶解。最后,甲烷作为强温室气体释放到大气中还会加剧全球变暖;此外,极地冻土层的融化也会使得冻土区天然气水合物分解,导致大量甲烷进入大气中,从而致使海水暖化,海水的暖化又会对海洋生物的生存、代谢、繁殖、发育和免疫应答等多种生命活动造成影响。以上认识为进一步研究甲烷对未来海洋生态系统的影响提供重要参考信息。

超级电容器用PVDC基碳电极的研究现状

碳电极是超级电容器的关键材料,在很大程度上决定了超级电容器的性能,其发展趋势是高比表面积、高堆积密度、高中孔率、高电导率、高纯度和高性价比以及良好的电解液浸润性(即"六高一良好")。目前,活性碳纤维、碳凝胶、碳纳米管、模板碳等各种碳材料作为超级电容器电极材料的研究均有报道,但较低的比电容和相对较低的体积密度限制了它们在高能量需求的超级电容器电极方面的实际应用。为解决上述问题,关于具有高比表面积的多孔碳材料的研究逐渐活跃起来,特别是一些免活化的制备方法如共混聚合物裂解法、微乳液模板溶胶-凝胶聚合法及模板法等。然而,共聚混合物的制备、超临界干燥、模板的去除等使以上免活化制备方法较传统方法更为复杂。用聚偏二氯乙烯(PVDC)作为前驱体制备多孔碳可实现脱氯-活化一步完成。PVDC基碳作为超级电容器电极材料的优势在于:(1)来源广、成本低;(2)PVDC高碳密度的长链构型可促进芳香环化,与小分子相比,其所需碳化能量低,制备多孔碳材料无需额外活化过程;(3)以PVDC为碳前驱体比以其他材料为前驱体制备的多孔碳材料具有较高的比电容,目前PVDC基碳电极的比电容可达400F·g^(-1)。然而,高性能超级电容器的碳电极材料既要有高比表面积,又要有与电解液离子尺寸相适应的孔径,二者彼此制约。因此,目前研究的重点是在更微观层面上实现碳材料微观结构的调控与优化。目前,超级电容器用PVDC基碳电极的制备方法可分为脱氯-活化多步法与脱氯-活法一步法。脱氯-活化多步法是将PVDC直接机械研磨或高温热解,接着在不同活化作用后得到多孔碳材料的方法。此法得到的多孔碳具有较高的比表面积,但制备过程复杂。模板法不需要额外活化作用,但仍需两步才可得到多孔结构,获得的多孔碳材料虽然具有比表面积大、孔体积大及分级孔径分布的优点,但比电容相对较低。PVDC结构特殊,在高温热解或机械研磨过程中加入强碱,可实现脱氯-活化一步完成,得到PVDC基多孔碳材料,该法工序简单,脱氯率较高,且不会破坏PVDC的固有结构。此外,PVDC连接在亚乙烯基上的氯元素活性高,与含N-/O-聚合物中的N-/O-相比更易离开基团,可在较低温度实现脱氯碳化,且脱氯后的空位对杂质原子较敏感,易实现掺杂。本文分别从PVDC脱氯-活化多步碳化、脱氯-活化一步碳化及氮掺杂三方面综述了超级电容器用PVDC基碳电极的孔结构、比表面积及电化学性能方面的研究进展,并对超级电容器用PVDC基碳电极的研究进行了展望。

Further studies on the numerical simulation of bubble plumes in the cold seepage active region

Using the occurrence characteristics of bubble plumes in the South China Sea as a reference, this paper continues to study the seismic responses produced by bubble plumes in the cold seepage active region. To make the plume modelling scheme more reasonable, we modified the original modelling scheme and reconstructed a plume water body model based on the variation of its radius as bubbles rise in seawater. The plume seismic records of shot gathers were obtained by forward simulation. The seismic records of single shot show obvious characteristics of a scattering wave field and the periodic characteristics of the model. Seismic records of shot gathers were processed using prestack depth migration. The boundary of its imaging section has a good convergence effect. The migration sections can be imaged distinctly with higher accuracy. The aforementioned studies once again laid a foundation for the further study of the seismic responses produced by plumes. They also gradually probed a more suitable seismic data processing method for plumes and provided a theoretical guidance for the identification of plumes.

Numerical Simulation of Bubble Plumes and an Analysis of Their Seismic Attributes

To study the bubble plume's seismic response characteristics,the model of a plume water body has been built in this article using the bubble-contained medium acoustic velocity model and the stochastic medium theory based on an analysis of both the acoustic characteristics of a bubble-contained water body and the actual features of a plume.The finite difference method is used for forward modelling,and the single-shot seismic record exhibits the characteristics of a scattered wave field generated by a plume.A meaningful conclusion is obtained by extracting seismic attributes from the pre-stack shot gather record of a plume.The values of the amplitude-related seismic attributes increase greatly as the bubble content goes up,and changes in bubble radius will not cause seismic attributes to change,which is primarily observed because the bubble content has a strong impact on the plume's acoustic velocity,while the bubble radius has a weak impact on the acoustic velocity.The above conclusion provides a theoretical reference for identifying hydrate plumes using seismic methods and contributes to further study on hydrate decomposition and migration,as well as on distribution of the methane bubble in seawater.

冷泉羽状流地震波场频谱特征与气含量关系研究

为深入研究羽状流地震响应特征以及羽状流气含量反演,利用实际羽状流地震偏移剖面中单道和多道地震数据,首先进行地震波时域波形特征分析以及地震波场频谱特征分析,羽状流时域波形呈现出散射波动特征,其频谱较宽,表现出开叉较多的散射波频谱特征。然后通过已有气含量与振幅属性关系模型反演气含量,提取羽状流地震频谱参量。最后进行羽状流地震频谱参量与气含量的相关性分析,结果表明:气含量改变时会引起各频谱参量的变化,羽状流各频谱参量(除优势频宽)均与气含量呈现出较好的正相关关系,其中总能量和有限带宽能量的相关性曲线拟合程度最佳;主频和振幅谱最大值分布较散,但其拟合结果仍然呈现正相关趋势;优势频宽与气含量表现出负相关趋势。以上获得的羽状流地震信号时域波形特征、地震波场频谱特征及频谱参量与气含量的关系,为羽状流的地震探测以及气含量反演奠定了基础。

Numerical simulation of bubble plumes in overlying water of gas hydrate in the cold seepage active region

To study the seismic responses produced by gas hydrate bubble plumes in the cold seepage active region, we constructed a plume water body model based on random medium theory and acoustic velocity model of bubble medium. The plume water body model was forward simulated by finite difference. Seismic records of single shot show the scattered waves produced by the plume. The scattered wave energy is strong where the plume exists. Where the scattered wave energy is stronger, the minimum of travel time is always above the plume, which has no relationship with the shot's position. Seismic records of shot gathers were processed by prestack time migration. The migration section shows that the scattered waves produced by plumes can be imaged distinctly with higher accuracy. These researches laid a foundation for further study on the seismic responses produced by plumes and provided a new approach for the identification of gas hydrate.