Tumor cell death visualization of renal cell carcinoma under the combined effect of the Gratiola officinalis extract and cyclophosphamide using fluorescent staining methods

Objective of the study:We used fluorescence imaging methods of apoptosis and necrosis in human renal carcinoma A498 tumor cells in vitro to reveal the indicated forms of cell death under the combined effect of flavonoid-containing extract of Gratiola officinalis and cytostatic(cyclo-phosphamide).Materials and methods:The dyes were propidium iodide and acridine orange,which were used in the"alive and dead"test.This test helped us to identify the total number of dead cells in the forms of necrosis and apoptosis and the number of cells in which apoptosis had started,it was characterized by the appearance of apoptotic bodies or nucleus pyknosis.Results:We found the most pronounced cytotoxic activity at the ratio of extract of Gratiola officinalis and cyclophosphamide concentrations of 1∶1.The number of living cells decreased when exposed to the ratio of extract and cytostatic concentrations of 2∶1.When the ratio of concentration of the extract relative to the cytostatic increased to 3∶1,the cytostatic activity of the extract began to appear,the total number of tumor cells decreased.The number of cells with nucleus pyknosis and the number of cells with apoptosis signs significantly increased at a 3∶1 ratio of extract and cytostatic concentrations,which confirms the presence of pro-apoptotic activity of the studied combination.This trend indicates the dependence of a certain form of cell death(apoptosis,necrosis)on the ratio of extract and cytostatic doses,and it also demon-strates the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of this combination.Conclusion:Fluorescence methods of investigation in the"alive and dead"test allowed us to visualize the forms of cell death of human kidney carcinoma A498 by combined exposure to the fiavonoid-containing extract of Gratiola officinalis and cytostatic(cyclophosphamide)24 h after exposure.We found that the combination with a concentration ratio of the extract and cyclophosphamide of 3:1 has the greatest effectiveness due to stimulation of the cytostatic effect and cytotoxic effect.

Gold nanorods with a hematoporphyrin-loaded silica shell for dual-modality photodynamic and photothermal treatment of tumors in vivo

由一个金 nanorod 核心和与 hematoporphyrin (HP ) 做的 mesoporous 硅石壳组成的 Nanocomposites (NC ) 被制作了以便由在 vivo 联合 photothermal 和光力学的治疗(太平洋夏季时间 + PTT ) 改进癌症治疗的效率。除了 810830 nm 附近的长波长的电浆子回声，制作 NC 展出了相应的一座 400-nm 吸收度山峰围住 HP，在 632.5-nm Q 乐队附近在 633-nm 刺激下面产生了汗衫氧，并且生产了在 808-nm 下面的热在红外线附近(NIR ) 激光照耀。这些形式被用于联合太平洋夏季时间 + PTT 治疗大(大约 3 cm3 ) 在有一只 xenorafted 肿瘤老鼠的 vivo 的稳固的肿瘤当模特儿。NC 直接被注入肿瘤并且与 633-nm 和 808-nm 激光同时照耀刺激联合光力学并且 NC 的 photothermal 活动。联合治疗的效率被光连贯断层摄影术评估，组织学的分析，并且由肿瘤体积生长的大小在一个 21 天的时期期间。调停 NC 的太平洋夏季时间在组织组织学并且到导致了弱变化一中等在肿瘤体积的 20% 减少。相反，联合太平洋夏季时间 + PTT 处理导致了大区域的肿瘤坏死并且在肿瘤体积导致了戏剧的减少。