A dual-route optical emission spectroscopy diagnostic with wide spectral range and high wavelength resolution on HL-2A tokamak

A dual-route optical emission spectroscopy(D-OES)diagnostic is newly developed to monitor the optical emission from the X-point plasma region on the HL-2 A tokamak.This diagnostic is composed of an imaging system,a beam-splitting system for dual-route measurements,fiber bundles,a spectrometer system,and a control and acquisition system.One route is used to obtain wide-spectral-range spectra,and the other route is used to acquire high-wavelengthresolution line shapes.The spectral resolution of the wide-range spectrometers is 0.8 nm with a coverage of 800 nm(@200-1000 nm).The spectral resolution of the high-resolution spectrometer is 0.01 nm with a coverage of 6 nm(@200-660 nm).The spatial resolution of each route of D-OES is about 4 cm with 11 channels.The temporal resolution is 16 ms at maximum in the single-channel mode.Wide-range spectra(containing Balmer series and a Fulcher band)and highly resolved Ha line shapes are obtained by D-OES in the hydrogen glow discharge in the lab.D-OES measurements are carried out in the high-density deuterium experiments of HL-2A.The electron density n_(e)and deuterium temperature T_(D) in the X-point multifaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge(MARFE)region are derived simultaneously by fitting the measured D_(a) shape.The density n_(e)is observed to increase from~8.7×10^(18)m^(-3)to~7.8×10^(19)m^(-3),and the temperature T_(D)drops from~14.4 eV to~2.3 eV after the onset of MARFE in the discharge#38260.

Investigation of phase modulation and propagation-route effect from unmatched large-scale structures for Doppler reflectometry measurement through 2D full-wave modeling

To interpret the common symmetric peaks caused by the large-scale structure in the complex S(f)spectrum from the heterodyne Doppler reflectometry(DR)measurement in EAST,a 2D circular-shaped O-mode full-wave model based on the finite-difference time-domain method is built.The scattering characteristics and the influences on the DR signal from various scales are investigated.When the structure is located around the cutoff layer,a moving radial or poloidal large-scale structure k_(θ)k_(θ),match(k_(θ),match is the theoretic wavenumber of Bragg scattering)could both generate an oscillation phase term called‘phase modulation’,and symmetrical peaks in the complex S(f)spectrum.It was found that the image-rejection ratio A_(−1)/A_(+1)(A_(±1)represents the amplitudes of±1 order modulation peaks)could be a feasible indicator for experiment comparison.In the case when the structure is near the cutoff layer with the same arrangement as the experiment for the edge DR channel,the curve of A_(−1)/A_(+1)versus kθcan be divided into three regions,weak asymmetrical range with k_(θ)/k_(0)0.15(k_(0)is the vacuum wavenumber),harmonics range with 0.15k_(θ)/k_(0)0.4,and Bragg scattering range of 0.4k_(θ)/k_(0)0.7.In the case when the structure is located away from the cutoff layer,the final complex S(f)spectrum is the simple superimposing of modulation and Bragg scattering,and the modulation peaks have an amplitude response nearly proportional to the local density fluctuation,called the‘propagationroute effect’.Under the H-mode experiment arrangement for the core DR,a critical fluctuation amplitude Amp(n_(e,Mod.@route))/Amp(n_(e,Tur.@MSA)∼1.3–4.1(Amp(n_(e,Mod.@route))refers to the pedestal large-scale structure amplitude and Amp(ne,Tur.@MSA)refers to turbulence amplitude at the main scattering area)is needed for the structure in the pedestal to be observed by the core DR measurement.The simulations are well consistent with the experimental results.These effects need to be carefully considered during the DR signal analyses as the injecting beam passes through the plasma region with large-scale structures.

Effects of vacuum magnetic field region on the compact torus trajectory in a tokamak plasma

The trajectory of the compact torus(CT)within a tokamak discharge is crucial to fueling.In this study,we developed a penetration model with a vacuum magnetic field region to accurately determine CT trajectories in tokamak discharges.This model was used to calculate the trajectory and penetration parameters of CT injections by applying both perpendicular and tangential injection schemes in both HL-2A and ITER tokamaks.For perpendicular injection along the tokamak's major radius direction from the outboard,CTs with the same injection parameters exhibited a 0.08 reduction in relative penetration depth when injected into HL-2A and a 0.13reduction when injected into ITER geometry when considering the vacuum magnetic field region compared with cases where this region was not considered.In addition,we proposed an optimization method for determining the CT's initial injection velocity to accurately calculate the initial injection velocity of CTs for central fueling in tokamaks.Furthermore,this paper discusses schemes for the tangential injection of CT into tokamak discharges.The optimal injection angle and CT magnetic moment direction for injection into both HL-2A and ITER were determined through numerical simulations.Finally,the kinetic energy loss occurring when the CT penetrated the vacuum magnetic field region in ITER was reduced byΔEk=975.08 J by optimizing the injection angle for the CT injected into ITER.These results provide valuable insights for optimizing injection angles in fusion experiments.Our model closely represents actual experimental scenarios and can assist the design of CT parameters.

A synthetic diagnostics platform for microwave imaging diagnostics in tokamaks

Interpreting experimental diagnostics data in tokamaks,while considering non-ideal effects,is challenging due to the complexity of plasmas.To address this challenge,a general synthetic diagnostics(GSD)platform has been established that facilitates microwave imaging reflectometry and electron cyclotron emission imaging.This platform utilizes plasma profiles as input and incorporates the finite-difference time domain,ray tracing and the radiative transfer equation to calculate the propagation of plasma spontaneous radiation and the external electromagnetic field in plasmas.Benchmark tests for classical cases have been conducted to verify the accuracy of every core module in the GSD platform.Finally,2D imaging of a typical electron temperature distribution is reproduced by this platform and the results are consistent with the given real experimental data.This platform also has the potential to be extended to 3D electromagnetic field simulations and other microwave diagnostics such as cross-polarization scattering.

Polarimeter–interferometer diagnostic using terahertz solid-state sources for fluctuation measurements on Keda Torus e Xperiment(KTX)

A multi-channel polarimeter-interferometer has been developed on the Keda Torus eXperiment(KTX)for the study of equilibrium dynamics and internal magnetic fluctuations.A three-wave technique based on terahertz solid-state sources(-650 GHz)is applied for simultaneous measurements of electron density and Faraday rotation angle.The output power of the microwave source is 2 mW.Faraday rotation effect using a rotating wave plate is tested with phase noise less than 0.8°,and the density phase noise is less than 0.9°.Measurement of Faraday rotation angle and density for discharges on KTX have demonstrated high sensitivity to internal MHD activities.

Comparison of transport coefficients before and after density pump-out induced by resonant magnetic perturbation using a BOUT++ six-field model on the EAST tokamak

Many experiments have demonstrated that resonant magnetic perturbation(RMP) can affect the turbulent transport at the edge of the tokamak. Through the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST) density modulation experiment, the particle transport coefficients were calculated using the experimental data, and the result shows that the particle transport coefficients increase with RMP. In this study, the six-field two-fluid model in BOUT++ is used to simulate the transport before and after density pump-out induced by RMP,respectively referred as the case without RMP and the case with RMP. In the linear simulations,the instabilities generally decreases for cases with RMP. In the nonlinear simulation, ELM only appears in the case without RMP. Additionally, the particle transport coefficient was analyzed,and the result shows that the particle transport coefficient becomes larger for the case with RMP,which is consistent with the experimental conclusion. Moreover, its magnitude is comparable to the results calculated from experimental data.

Construction of an Hα diagnostic system and its application to determine neutral hydrogen densities on the Keda Torus eXperiment

A 10-channel Hα diagnostic system has been designed with the rapid response rate of 300 kHz, spatial resolution of about 40 mm, and overlap between adjacent channels of about 3%, and it has been implemented successfully on Keda Torus eXperiment(KTX), a newly constructed, reversed field pinch(RFP) experimental device at the University of Science and Technology of China(USTC). This diagnostic system is a very important tool for the initial KTX operations. It is compact,with an aperture slit replacing the traditional optical lens system. A flexural interference filter is designed to prevent the center wavelength from shifting too much as the increase of angle from vertical incidence. To eliminate the stray light,the interior of the system is covered with the black aluminum foil having a very high absorptivity. Using the Hαemission data, together with the profiles of electron temperature and density obtained from the Langmuir probe, the neutral density profiles have been calculated for KTX plasmas. The rapid response rate and good spatial resolution of this Hαdiagnostic system will be beneficial for many studies in RFP plasma physics.

The application of limiter target electrostatic measurement system in J-TEXT tokamak

The limiter target electrostatic measurement system including limiter grounding current sensors and Langmuir probes have been newly developed for the measurement of the limiter target area on the Joint-Texas Experimental tokamak (J-TEXT). Current sensors fixed between graphite limiters and the vacuum vessel walls are used to measure the currents between limiters and vessel wall. Simultaneously, a rectangular poloidal array containing 54 Langmuir probes is embedded in the graphite tiles of limiters for a more localized measurement. Based on this system, the effect of both the plasma’s inherent behavior, including plasma motion and the 2/1 tearing mode, and the electrode biasing on probe and sensor signals have been observed and analyzed in the experiments.

The theoretical study on intermittency and propagation of geodesic acoustic mode in L-mode discharge near tokamak edge

Through a systematically developed theory,we demonstrate that the motion of Instanton identified in Zhang et al(2017 Phys.Plasmas 24122304)is highly correlated to the intermittent excitation and propagation of geodesic acoustic mode(GAM)that is observed in tokamaks.While many numerical simulations have observed the phenomena,it is the first theory that reveals the physical mechanism behind GAM intermittent excitation and propagation.The preceding work is based on the micro-turbulence associated with toroidal ion temperature gradient mode,and slab-based phenomenological model of zonal flow.When full toroidal effect is introduced into the system,two branches of zonal flow emerge:the torus-modified low frequency zonal flow(TLFZF),and GAM,necessitating a unified exploration of GAM and TLFZF.Indeed,we observe that the transition from the Caviton to Instanton is triggered by a rapid zero-crossing of radial group velocity of drift wave and is found to be strongly correlated with the GAM onset.Many features peculiar to intermittent GAMs,observed in real machines,are thus identified in the numerical experiment.The results will be displayed in figures and in a movie;first for single central rational surface,and then with coupled multiple central rational surfaces.The periodic bursting first shown disappears as being replaced by irregular one,more similar to the intermittent characteristics observed in GAM experiments.

Feasibility of applying the lower cut-off frequency for the density radial coverage extension in EAST reflectometry measurement

The extraordinary mode(X-mode)lower cut-off frequency is proposed for use in the reflectometry diagnostic on ITER for the electron density profile measurement,which is a trade-off between extreme plasma parameters and the accessible probing frequency.In contemporary experiments,the lower cutoff frequency can be identified at the probing frequency below the electron cyclotron frequency(f_(ce)) under certain plasma conditions.We provide here,for the first time,the experimental validation of the use of the lower cut-off frequency for the density profiles via the reflectometry measurement on EAST.The corresponding group delay of the lower cut-off frequency evolves continuously with the upper one,revealing a reasonable radial coverage extension of reflectometry measurement toward the plasma core.It is concluded that the lower cut-off frequency can be used as a supplement to the upper one in the density profile inversion process,which is of particular interest in the high magnetic field and/or density discharge to extend the radial coverage of reflectometry measurement.

Realization of divertor configuration discharge in J-TEXT tokamak

To extend the operation region of the Joint-Texas Experimental tokamak(J-TEXT) to the divertor configuration and even the H-mode,the divertor configuration discharge has been realized for the first time in the J-TEXT tokamak.Along with the establishment of a power supply for the divertor configuration,the construction of relevant diagnostics,and the installation of the divertor target on the high-field side,divertor discharge has been tested.Through the equilibrium calculation and position stability analysis,the control strategy has evolved to be more stable.High-density experiments and auxiliary heating experiments have been carried out on the divertor configuration.The special midplane single-null(MSN) divertor configuration is shown to be more stable than the limiter configuration in the density limit condition and can reach a higher density in the experiment.In the ECRH experiment,the power injection enhances the electron temperature and density,while more heat outflux is loaded on the divertor target tiles and causes more intensive recycling and impurity release.The future plan for the divertor configuration operation in the J-TEXT tokamak is also included.

2-5 Efforts toward World Best Storage-ring-based Mass Spectrometry

Nuclear mass measurements provide valuable information on the nuclear binding energy which reflects the summed result of all interactions among its constituent protons and neutrons. The systematic and accurate knowledge of nuclear masses have wide application in many areas of subatomic physics ranging from nuclear structure and astrophysics to the fundamental interactions and symmetries depending on the achieved mass precision[1].

Design and platform testing of the compact torus central fueling device for the EAST tokamak

Compact torus(CT)injection is a highly promising technique for the central fueling of future reactor-grade fusion devices since it features extremely high injection velocity and relatively high plasma mass.Recently,a CT injector for the EAST tokamak,EAST-CTI,was developed and platform-tested.In the first round of experiments conducted with low parameter settings,the maximum velocity and mass of the CT plasma were 150 km·s^(-1)and 90μg,respectively.However,the parameters obtained by EAST-CTI were still very low and were far from the requirements of a device such as EAST that has a strong magnetic field.In future,we plan to solve the spark problem that EAST-CTI currently encounters(that mainly hinders the further development of experiments)through engineering methods,and use greater power to obtain a more stable and suitable CT plasma for EAST.

Observation of the poloidally asymmetrical density perturbation of sawtooth collapse on J-TEXT

The detailed density perturbations provided by the advanced polarimeter-interferometer system(Polaris) during sawtooth collapse on the Joint Texas Experimental Tokamak(J-TEXT) are reported in this article.During a sawtooth collapse and the crash of plasma pressure at the center,it is found that the increase in density in the region between the inversion radius and mixing radius is poloidally asymmetrical,while the increase in temperature is poloidally symmetrical.The poloidal location where the density increases is dependent on the phase of the precursory m/n=1/1 kink mode.It is always out of phase with the hot core of the m/n=1/1 mode.The behaviors of density perturbations during sawtooth collapse observed in J-TEXT are beyond the expectations of the standard model,and this can shed new light on the understanding of sawtooth collapse.

Comparison of methods for turbulence Doppler frequency shift calculation in Doppler reflectometer

The Doppler reflectometer(DR),a powerful diagnostic for the plasma perpendicular velocity(u⊥)and turbulence measurement,has been widely used in various fusion devices.Many efforts have been put into extracting the Doppler shift from the DR signal.There are several commonly used methods for Doppler shift extraction,such as the phase derivative,the center of gravity,and symmetric fitting(SFIT).However,the strong zero-order reflection component around 0 kHz may interfere with the calculation of the Doppler shift.To avoid the influence of the zerofrequency peak,the asymmetric fitting(AFIT)method was designed to calculate the Doppler shift.Nevertheless,the AFIT method may lead to an unacceptable error when the Doppler shift is relatively small compared to the half width at half maximum(HWHM).Therefore,an improved method,which can remove the zero-frequency peak and fit the remaining Doppler peak with a Gaussian function,is devised to extract the Doppler shift.This method can still work reliably whether the HWHM is larger than the Doppler shift or not.

加砂油井水泥石高温力学性能衰退机制研究进展

加砂油井水泥是常用高温固井材料,但在部分高温地层服役时存在短期内水泥石力学性能明显衰退及水泥环层间封隔失效问题,明确其高温力学性能失效机制将有助于合理使用加砂油井水泥。为此,笔者调研了国内外加砂油井水泥高温水化产物和石英砂(掺量、粒径)对加砂水泥石力学性能影响的相关文献,并对其进行了归纳分析。结果表明:加砂油井水泥石在110~210℃温度下服役,可长期保持较好的抗高温性能;在210~300℃静态水环境下,通过调整石英砂级配和掺量可延缓水泥石高温下力学性能的衰退;地层温度超过300℃且处于动态水环境时,由于SiO2大量溶出,加砂油井水泥石难以满足热采井固井质量要求。此外,基于对加砂水泥石硅溶出、水化产物脱钙现象及硬硅钙石晶粒形貌变化的分析,探讨了加砂油井水泥石高温力学性能失效作用机制,并提出了改善其高温力学性能的技术措施。

热解油基钻屑资源化利用(Ⅱ):掺渣水泥浆体系性能

针对油基钻屑热解吸处理后产生的残渣,尝试将其替代部分油井水泥(YJ)用于制备固井用水泥浆。首先研究了热解油基钻屑(PODC)掺量和水固比对油井水泥浆体性能的影响,同时利用等温量热仪(ICC)、X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、压汞仪(MIP)和扫描电镜(SEM)分别测试了掺PODC水泥浆体早期水化放热量、水泥石水化产物、孔结构及微观形貌,并以降失水剂CHL、硅灰和晶体膨胀剂KW-4优化了掺PODC水泥浆体的工程性能。结果表明,随着PODC掺量增加,浆体流动度增大,密度减小,凝结时间延长,水泥石抗压强度有所下降;形成了技术套管用掺渣水泥浆体系PODC-6:40%YJ+60%PODC+3%CHL+4%硅灰+2%KW-4,油层套管(非产层段)用掺渣水泥浆体系PODC-3:70%YJ+30%PODC+3%CHL+3%硅灰+2%KW-4,水固比均为0.40,掺渣水泥浆体系各项工程性能均满足固井施工基本技术要求。微观分析表明,掺PODC水泥浆体的水化放热量降低,其水化产物主要为C—S—H凝胶和CH,较净浆水泥石水化产物明显减少,密实度有所降低。该研究可为热解油基钻屑资源化利用提供一种新途径,具有潜在的环保效益和经济效益。

多级变胞机构的刚度调控分析

刚度调控策略作为实现多级变胞机构的关节柔顺性,提高多级变胞机构的集成度,实现多级变胞机构紧凑化的重要方法,对其进行深入研究有着十分重要的意义.针对多级变胞机构刚度调控复杂的问题,本文通过对弹簧长度、最佳弹簧刚度以及最佳弹簧安装位置的确定,提出了针对多级变胞机构的刚度调控策略.实验结果表明,在一定范围内,最佳弹簧刚度随着安装位置l_(3)的增大而减小,当最佳弹簧刚度达到最小值后,最佳弹簧刚度随着安装位置l_(3)的增大而增大,两者之间为非线性关系.

不同耕作方式下黑土微生物群落对干湿交替的响应

以吉林德惠市黑土长期田间定位实验地土壤为研究对象,通过室内模拟培养,采用高通量测序方法(16S rRNA)研究免耕和垄作土壤微生物群落对不同频率和强度的干湿交替处理的响应。结果表明:干湿交替显著降低免耕土壤中微生物群落的多样性,且频率越高干旱强度越大多样性降低越显著;但干湿交替对垄作土壤的微生物多样性影响不显著。与对照相比,干湿交替显著增加免耕土壤中浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)的相对丰度,显著降低免耕和垄作土壤中Saccharibacteria菌门和Parcubacteria菌门的相对丰度。无论是免耕还是垄作条件下,干湿交替频率的不同导致土壤微生物群落结构产生显著差异,而干湿交替强度的不同对土壤微生物群落结构没有显著影响。研究结果为预测干旱气候对黑土生态功能的影响提供了理论基础。

不同施肥处理土壤覆膜后秸秆碳对土壤有机碳的贡献

基于公主岭黑土长期定位试验站,利用13C标记的玉米秸秆进行田间原位培养试验,分析不同施肥处理土壤覆膜后秸秆碳在土壤的转化及其对土壤总有机碳(SOC)的贡献,以期为东北黑土区土壤培肥和碳的固存提供依据。结果表明:裸地土壤添加秸秆后不施肥(CK)与单施化肥(NPK)处理SOC的δ13C值显著高于有机肥配施化肥(MNPK)处理(P<0.05);覆膜土壤添加秸秆第360天SOC的δ13C值为-18.27‰^-17.19‰,且各施肥处理间差异不显著(P>0.05)。覆膜条件下土壤有机碳中秸秆碳(13CSOC)含量显著高于(P<0.05)裸地,尤其在第60天覆膜处理是裸地处理的1~3倍,说明覆膜改善了土壤的水热条件,促进了秸秆碳在土壤中的积累。裸地条件下CK、NPK和MNPK处理秸秆碳对土壤有机碳的贡献率平均分别为1.28%,1.32%和0.46%;覆膜条件下分别为0.81%,1.51%和0.97%。由上可以看出,无机氮、磷和钾养分的供应有利于秸秆碳在土壤的积累,对土壤有机碳库固定起着正反馈作用。