Physiological mechanisms underlying reduced photosynthesis in wheat leaves grown in the field under conditions of nitrogen and water deficiency

Reduced photosynthesis results directly from nitrogen or water deficiency in wheat plants,and leads to a decrease in grain yield.In this study,by measuring the effects of water and N deficiencies,both individually and combined,we characterized the responses of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.Yumai 49-198)plants to these two deficiencies using physiological measurements and comparative proteomics.Significant decreases in grain yield and leaf photosynthetic performance were observed in all deficiency conditions,and 106 photosynthetic proteins that showed responses were identified.Nitrogen deficiency induced the least change in photosynthetic proteins,and similar changes in most of these proteins were also observed for the combined nitrogen and water deficiencies.Water deficiency induced the largest change in photosynthetic proteins and resulted in the lowest 1000-kernel weight.Severe decreases in photosynthesis in both the water-deficiency and combined N and water deficiency groups were reflected mainly in an imbalanced ATP/NADPH ratio associated with the light reaction,which influences carbon metabolism in the Calvin cycle.Photorespiration was respectively stimulated or inhibited by N or water deficiency,while suppression of photorespiratory flux and activation of nitrogen recycling were observed in the combined N and water deficiency treatments.Comparison of photosynthetic proteins between experimental sites suggested that precipitation affected linear electron flow in the photoreaction,and thus photosynthetic efficiency.Our results provide a baseline for future studies of the roles of these photosynthetic proteins in the response to N or water deficiency and their effect on 1000-kernel weight.

儿童肾上腺皮质癌的诊断与预后

目的:总结分析儿童肾上腺皮质癌的诊断与预后。方法:分析南京医科大学附属儿童医院2010年9月至2018年3月收治的10例肾上腺皮质癌患儿资料,分析其临床表现、实验室检查、辅助检查、病理和预后。结果:10例患儿年龄5个月至11岁9个月,平均年龄(53.3±48.4)个月;男性5例,女性5例。临床表现各异,主要表现为腹部包块、高血压、皮质醇症和外周性早熟。实验室检查乳酸脱氢酶升高8例,神经烯醇化酶升高5例,皮质醇升高4例,部分性激素异常2例。辅助检查全腹部CT增强表现为肾上腺区域形态不规则的肿块,密度不均匀,包块内可有坏死、钙化,部分伴有周围组织的浸润。病理提示肿瘤细胞多形性,核分裂像多见,核分裂指数高,间质血窦丰富,可见坏死,肿瘤浸润,血管侵犯,Weiss评分≥3分。年龄、LDH、皮质醇、Weiss评分、肿瘤大小、分期、手术切除率在预后因素中差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:对于肾上腺占位的患儿,结合其临床表现、实验室检查、辅助检查早期做出皮质癌的诊断,选择合适的治疗方案对提高患儿生存率至关重要;结合病理学检查可以较好地与其他肾上腺包块鉴别。

Effects of land-use and climate change on sediment and nutrient retention in Guizhou,China

Introduction:Sediment and nutrient retention have significant impacts on agricultural productivity and water quality.Obvious changes of climate and land-use have deeply affected freshwater ecosystem services in the last several decades.Nevertheless,it is unclear what the differences are in the impact of climate and land-use changes on freshwater ecosystem services.Outcomes:The impacts of climate and land-use change on sediment and nutrient retention(two essential freshwater ecosystem services)were evaluated with the help of the Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model.The results from the study area suggest a decreasing trend in sediment and nutrient retention from 1995 to 2015 when climate and land-use were changed simultaneously.A decreasing trend in sediment retention and an increasing trend in nutrient retention were presented under scenario A(climate change from 1995 to 2015 with land-use unchanged),while the sediment exported and nutrient retention exhibited a decreasing trend except sediment retained under scenario B(land-use change from 1995 to 2015 with unchanged climate).Rainfall erosivity and soil erodibility were more sensitive to the output of sediment retention,while retention efficiency produced more of an effect on nutrient retention.Discussion and Conclusion:Climate change played a dominant role in the change in sediment retention,while land-use change had a more significant effect on nutrient retention change than climate change.The results of this study provide explicitinformation for land-use managers to reduce the negative effects associated with sediment and nutrient retention.

A novel onlay urethroplasty for hypospadias with mild chordee after degloving:modified for complete removal of scar tissue underlying the urethral plate and for long-term outcomes

Urethral plate(UP)-preserving urethroplasty is simple and has few complications,but it may affect the development of penis in the long term and lead to recurrent chordee.In this study,we used obliquely cut UP to repair hypospadias with mild chordee after degloving(15°-30°)and compared the results with onlay urethroplasty to explore its rationality and feasibility.Between April 2018 and October 2020,108 hypospadias patients underwent onlay urethroplasty or modified onlay urethroplasty.Clinical data were prospectively collected,and medium-term outcomes were assessed at follow-up.The complications were compared between the two groups.Forty-four patients underwent the modified onlay procedure(GroupⅠ),with follow-up time(mean±standard deviation[s.d.])of 23.2±4.5(range:17-31)months.Sixty-four patients underwent a standard onlay procedure(GroupⅡ),with follow-up time(mean±s.d.)of 39.7±3.9(range:32-46)months.There was no difference in age at surgery.The urethral defect length and operative time were longer in GroupⅠ.Six cases of fistula and one case each of stricture and diverticulum were reported in GroupⅠ.In GroupⅡ,11 cases of fistula and one case each of stricture and diverticulum were reported.The complication rates were 18.2%and 20.3%in GroupⅠand GroupⅡ,respectively(P>0.05).These medium-term follow-up results demonstrate that the modified onlay procedure(oblique cut UP urethroplasty)is a safe and feasible technique for hypospadias with mild chordee after degloving.Compared with standard onlay urethroplasty,this modified procedure is conducive to the complete removal of scar tissue underlying the UP without increasing the risk of surgical complications.