白癜风患者病变表皮与正常表皮的比较蛋白质组学研究

目的本文通过开展白癜风患者病变表皮与正常表皮的比较蛋白质组学研究,发现和鉴定白癜风患者病变表皮与正常表皮之间的差异表达蛋白,以探讨白癜风患者表皮发生病变的分子机制。方法首先,建立和优化了表皮样品中蛋白质的最佳酶切条件。其次,采用基于串联质谱标签(TMT)标记的定量蛋白质组学技术策略开展了稳定期白癜风患者病变表皮与正常表皮的比较蛋白质组学研究,并筛选了差异表达蛋白。最后通过生物信息学分析工具及数据库(GO、KEGG、STRING、GSEA)对差异蛋白进行功能富集分析。结果优化所得到的最佳酶解条件是由Lys-C(酶∶底物,1∶100)和胰酶(酶∶底物,1∶50)组合而成的顺序酶切。比较蛋白质组学研究共鉴定4496个蛋白质,其中181个蛋白质为白癜风患者病变表皮中的差异表达蛋白。生物信息学分析表明差异表达蛋白主要与代谢、免疫、氧化还原和细胞黏附相关。其中119个上调蛋白主要参与角质化、转录、氧化应激及蛋白酶解等过程。62个下调蛋白主要参与细胞内物质运输、谷胱甘肽代谢和肌动蛋白细丝封端等过程。结论比较蛋白质组学研究揭示了白癜风患者病变表皮与正常表皮之间主要存在角质化、免疫、脂质代谢和氧化还原等方面的功能差异,发现了PRDX1、PRDX2、EEF2、ITGB1、SPTBN2、ANXA1及PFKL等蛋白质为潜在的白癜风患者病变表皮功能失调的关键蛋白质。

Securing Cloud-Encrypted Data:Detecting Ransomware-as-a-Service(RaaS)Attacks through Deep Learning Ensemble

Data security assurance is crucial due to the increasing prevalence of cloud computing and its widespread use across different industries,especially in light of the growing number of cybersecurity threats.A major and everpresent threat is Ransomware-as-a-Service(RaaS)assaults,which enable even individuals with minimal technical knowledge to conduct ransomware operations.This study provides a new approach for RaaS attack detection which uses an ensemble of deep learning models.For this purpose,the network intrusion detection dataset“UNSWNB15”from the Intelligent Security Group of the University of New South Wales,Australia is analyzed.In the initial phase,the rectified linear unit-,scaled exponential linear unit-,and exponential linear unit-based three separate Multi-Layer Perceptron(MLP)models are developed.Later,using the combined predictive power of these three MLPs,the RansoDetect Fusion ensemble model is introduced in the suggested methodology.The proposed ensemble technique outperforms previous studieswith impressive performance metrics results,including 98.79%accuracy and recall,98.85%precision,and 98.80%F1-score.The empirical results of this study validate the ensemble model’s ability to improve cybersecurity defenses by showing that it outperforms individual MLPmodels.In expanding the field of cybersecurity strategy,this research highlights the significance of combined deep learning models in strengthening intrusion detection systems against sophisticated cyber threats.

Recent Advances and Challenges Toward Application of Fibers and Textiles in Integrated Photovoltaic Energy Storage Devices

Flexible microelectronic devices have seen an increasing trend toward development of miniaturized,portable,and integrated devices as wearable electronics which have the requirement for being light weight,small in dimension,and suppleness.Traditional three-dimensional(3D)and two-dimensional(2D)electronics gadgets fail to effectively comply with these necessities owing to their stiffness and large weights.Investigations have come up with a new family of one-dimensional(1D)flexible and fiber-based electronic devices(FBEDs)comprising power storage,energy-scavenging,implantable sensing,and flexible displays gadgets.However,development and manufacturing are still a challenge owing to their small radius,flexibility,low weight,weave ability and integration in textile electronics.This paper will provide a detailed review on the importance of substrates in electronic devices,intrinsic property requirements,fabrication classification and applications in energy harvesting,energy storage and other flexible electronic devices.Fiber-and textile-based electronic devices for bulk/scalable fabrications,encapsulation,and testing are reviewed and presented future research ideas to enhance the commercialization of these fiber-based electronics devices.

Improving Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through Nitrogen Application under Semiarid Conditions

Nitrogen(N),the building block of plant proteins and enzymes,is an essential macronutrient for plant functions.A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of different N application rates(28,57,85,114,142,171,and 200 kg ha^(−1))on the performance of spring wheat(cv.Ujala-2016)during the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 growing seasons.A control without N application was kept for comparison.Two years mean data showed optimum seed yield(5,461.3 kg ha^(−1))for N-application at 142 kg ha^(−1) whereas application of lower and higher rates of N did not result in significant and economically higher seed yield.A higher seed yield was obtained in the 2017–2018(5,595 kg ha^(−1))than in the 2018–2019(5,328 kg ha^(−1))growing seasons under an N application of 142 kg ha^(−1).It was attributed to the greater number of growing degree days in the first(1,942.35°C days)than in the second year(1,813.75°C).Higher rates of N(171 and 200 kg ha^(−1))than 142 kg ha^(−1) produced more number of tillers(i.e.,948,300 and 666,650 ha^(−1),respectively).However,this increase did not contribute in achieving higher yields.Application of 142,171,and 200 kg ha^(−1) resulted in 14.15%,15.0%and 15.35%grain protein concentrations in comparison to 13.15%with the application of 114 kg ha^(−1).It is concluded that the application of N at 142 kg ha^(−1) could be beneficial for attaining higher grain yields and protein concentrations of wheat cultivar Ujala-2016.

Antimicrobial chemical constituents from endophytic fungus Phoma sp.

Objective:To evaluate the antiniicrobial polenlial of different extracts of the endophytic fungus Phoma sp.and the tentative identification of their active constituents.Methods:The extract and compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity using the Agar Well Diffusion Method.Four compounds were purified using column chromatography and tlieir structures were assigned using～1H and～(13)C NMR spectra,DEPT,2D COSY,HMQC and HMBC experiments.Results:The ethyl acetate fraction of Phoma sp.showed good antifungal,antibacterial,and algicidal properties.One new dihydrofuran derivative,named phomafuranol(1),together with tliree known compounds,phomalacton(2),(3R)-5-hydroxymellein(3)and emodin(4)were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of Phoma sp.Preliminary studies indicated that phomalacton(2)displayed strong antibacterial,good antifungal and antialgal activities.Similarly(3R)-5-hydroxymellein(3)and emodin(4)showed good antifungal,antibacterial and algicidal properties.Conclusions:Antimicrobial activities of the ethyl acetate fraction of the endophytic fungus Phoma sp.and isolated compounds clearly demonstrate that Phoma sp.and its active compounds represent a great potential for the food,cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

Authentication of Vehicles and Road Side Units in Intelligent Transportation System

Security threats to smart and autonomous vehicles cause potential consequences such as traffic accidents,economically damaging traffic jams,hijacking,motivating to wrong routes,and financial losses for businesses and governments.Smart and autonomous vehicles are connected wirelessly,which are more attracted for attackers due to the open nature of wireless communication.One of the problems is the rogue attack,in which the attacker pretends to be a legitimate user or access point by utilizing fake identity.To figure out the problem of a rogue attack,we propose a reinforcement learning algorithm to identify rogue nodes by exploiting the channel state information of the communication link.We consider the communication link between vehicle-to-vehicle,and vehicle-to-infrastructure.We evaluate the performance of our proposed technique by measuring the rogue attack probability,false alarm rate(FAR),mis-detection rate(MDR),and utility function of a receiver based on the test threshold values of reinforcement learning algorithm.The results show that the FAR and MDR are decreased significantly by selecting an appropriate threshold value in order to improve the receiver’s utility.

A Composite State Convergence Scheme for Bilateral Teleoperation Systems

State convergence is a novel control algorithm for bilateral teleoperation of robotic systems. First, it models the teleoperation system on state space and considers all the possible interactions between the master and slave systems. Second, it presents an elegant design procedure which requires a set of equations to be solved in order to compute the control gains of the bilateral loop. These design conditions are obtained by turning the master-slave error into an autonomous system and imposing the desired dynamic behavior of the teleoperation system. Resultantly, the convergence of master and slave states is achieved in a well-defined manner. The present study aims at achieving a similar convergence behavior offered by state convergence controller while reducing the number of variables sent across the communication channel. The proposal suggests transmitting composite master and slave variables instead of full master and slave states while keeping the operator's force channel intact. We show that,with these composite and force variables;it is indeed possible to achieve the convergence of states in a desired way by strictly following the method of state convergence. The proposal leads to a reduced complexity state convergence algorithm which is termed as composite state convergence controller. In order to validate the proposed scheme in the absence and presence of communication time delays, MATLAB simulations and semi-real time experiments are performed on a single degree-of-freedom teleoperation system.

Effects of Replacing Fishmeal with Animal By-products Meal Supplementation in Diets on the Growth and Nutrient Utilization of Mangrove Red Snapper

A feeding trial was conducted for 75 d to evaluate the nutritive value of a mixture of animal by-products(MAB) as a possible protein source in diets for juvenile mangrove red snapper,Lutjanus argentimaculatus(mean initial body weight,30 g). Fish were fed one of five isonitrogenous diets(40% crude protein) replacing 0,25%(MAB25),50%(MAB50),75%(MAB75) and 100%(MAB100) of fish meal protein with similar percentages of MAB. The MAB consisted of 25% cow liver meal,20% leather meal,20% meat and bone meal,15% blood meal,10% APC(poultry feather meal),8% poultry manure dried,1.5% choline and 0.5% chromic oxide. After 75 d of feeding,fish fed with diets MAB50,MAB75 and MAB100 exhibited significantly lower growth per-formance than that of fish fed with control and MAB25 diets. The optimum level of MAB was estimated to be 23%. Replacement of fish meal by MAB23% showed the following performance:maximum weight gain,510%;SGR,2.39% and FCE,2.83%. The MAB substitution up to 75% of fish meal protein in diets did not show differences in apparent protein digestibility(83.6% for MAB25,79.2% for MAB50,78.7% for MAB75) compared with control(83.4%),whereas in MAB100 group digestibility(65.3%) was sig-nificantly lower than in other groups. The apparent phosphorus absorption of test diet groups was significantly higher(37.1% for MAB25,28.5% for MAB50,55.6% for MAB75 and 54.5% for MAB100) than that of control(11.2%). The levels of protein and ash in the whole body,carcass and viscera increased as MAB substitution in diets increased,whereas lipids and moisture remained con-sistent among all treatment groups. These results showed that approximately 23% of fish meal protein could be replaced by a mixture of animal by-products for juvenile snapper growing from 30 g to 167 g in 75 d without compromising growth performance and feed efficiency.

Physical Layer Authentication Using Ensemble Learning Technique in Wireless Communications

Cyber-physical wireless systems have surfaced as an important data communication and networking research area.It is an emerging discipline that allows effective monitoring and efficient real-time communication between the cyber and physical worlds by embedding computer software and integrating communication and networking technologies.Due to their high reliability,sensitivity and connectivity,their security requirements are more comparable to the Internet as they are prone to various security threats such as eavesdropping,spoofing,botnets,man-in-the-middle attack,denial of service(DoS)and distributed denial of service(DDoS)and impersonation.Existing methods use physical layer authentication(PLA),themost promising solution to detect cyber-attacks.Still,the cyber-physical systems(CPS)have relatively large computational requirements and require more communication resources,thus making it impossible to achieve a low latency target.These methods perform well but only in stationary scenarios.We have extracted the relevant features from the channel matrices using discrete wavelet transformation to improve the computational time required for data processing by considering mobile scenarios.The features are fed to ensemble learning algorithms,such as AdaBoost,LogitBoost and Gentle Boost,to classify data.The authentication of the received signal is considered a binary classification problem.The transmitted data is labeled as legitimate information,and spoofing data is illegitimate information.Therefore,this paper proposes a threshold-free PLA approach that uses machine learning algorithms to protect critical data from spoofing attacks.It detects the malicious data packets in stationary scenarios and detects them with high accuracy when receivers are mobile.The proposed model achieves better performance than the existing approaches in terms of accuracy and computational time by decreasing the processing time.

Drought Stress Impairs Grain Yield and Quality of Rice Genotypes by Impaired Photosynthetic Attributes and K Nutrition

Drought is one of the most prevalent abiotic stresses that adversely affect rice productivity(Petrozza et al, 2014). Rice is very sensitive to drought stress and drought can cause 50% reduction in rice production globally(Yang et al, 2008). To meet the food needs for global population, 63% more agricultural production will be required by the year 2050 than.

Generation of Monoclonal Antibody to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus GP4 Protein and Identification of Its Minic Epitopes

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV)GP4 protein was prokaryotically expressed,and used as an antigen to immunize six-week-old BALB/c female mice.With conventional cell fusion method,an anti-PRRSV GP4 protein monoclonal antibody(Mab)5F12 was successfully prepared.It was identified as IgG2b subclass and had better stability and specificity,which not only responded with recombinant PRRSV GP4 protein,but also with PRRSV.Phage display technique had varieties of applications,in particular,the identification of key antigen epitopes for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic reagents and vaccines.In this study,Mab-5F12 was used as the target for biopanning a 12-mer phage random peptide library.After four rounds of biopanning,two phage-displayed peptides,named P-A and P-G(AKFEVCSPVVLG and GVNQENMLHFSF)were identified that recognized Mab-5F12 specifically.Sequence analysis showed that one or more of the peptides exhibited partial sequence similarity to the native GP4 protein sequence,which corresponded to 69-80 and 84-95 aa segments of the HP-PRRSV GP4 protein.Furthermore,real-time quantitative RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence assay indicated consistently the abilities of P-A and P-G to block viral infection in Marc-145 cells and they could function as antiviral agents for PRRSV.

Comprehensive Utility Function for Resource Allocation in Mobile Edge Computing

In mobile edge computing(MEC),one of the important challenges is how much resources of which mobile edge server(MES)should be allocated to which user equipment(UE).The existing resource allocation schemes only consider CPU as the requested resource and assume utility for MESs as either a random variable or dependent on the requested CPU only.This paper presents a novel comprehensive utility function for resource allocation in MEC.The utility function considers the heterogeneous nature of applications that a UE offloads to MES.The proposed utility function considers all important parameters,including CPU,RAM,hard disk space,required time,and distance,to calculate a more realistic utility value for MESs.Moreover,we improve upon some general algorithms,used for resource allocation in MEC and cloud computing,by considering our proposed utility function.We name the improved versions of these resource allocation schemes as comprehensive resource allocation schemes.The UE requests are modeled to represent the amount of resources requested by the UE as well as the time for which the UE has requested these resources.The utility function depends upon the UE requests and the distance between UEs and MES,and serves as a realistic means of comparison between different types of UE requests.Choosing(or selecting)an optimal MES with the optimal amount of resources to be allocated to each UE request is a challenging task.We show that MES resource allocation is sub-optimal if CPU is the only resource considered.By taking into account the other resources,i.e.,RAM,disk space,request time,and distance in the utility function,we demonstrate improvement in the resource allocation algorithms in terms of service rate,utility,and MES energy consumption.

A Robust Emergency Messages Routing Scheme for Urban VANETs

Vehicular ad-hoc networks(VANETs)play an essential role in enhancing transport infrastructure by making vehicles intelligent and proficient in preventing traffic fatalities.Direction-based greedy protocols pick the next route vehicle for transmitting emergency messages(EMs)depending upon the present location of adjacent vehicles towards sink vehicles by using an optimal uni-directional road traffic approach.Nevertheless,such protocols suffer performance degradation by ignoring the moving directions of vehicles in bi-directional road traffic where topological changes happen continuously.Due to the high number of vehicles,it is essential to broadcast EMs to all vehicles to prevent traffic delays and collisions.A cluster-based EM transmitting technique is proposed in this paper.For urban VANETs,this paper pioneers the clustering of bi-directional road traffic for robust and efficient routing of EMs.In this regard,this paper introduces a routing protocol,namely,the bi-directional urban routing protocol(BURP).In addition to the paths and relative locations of vehicles,BURP takes account of the distance parameter by using the Hamming distance function to determine the direction ofmotion of vehicles and communicates EMs through the cluster head(CH).Amodified k-medoids algorithm is presented for the clustering of bi-directional road traffic.A median method is presented for selecting CH to ensure the longrunning of a cluster.Simulation results show that BURP provides enhanced throughput,a maximized packet delivery ratio,low energy consumption,and network delay relative to eminent routing protocols.

Directional mechanical and thermal properties of single-layer black phosphorus by classical molecular dynamics

Black phosphorus （BP） has received attention due to its own higher carrier mobility and layer dependent electronic properties, such as direct band gap. Interestingly, the single layer black phosphorus （SLBP） has had large popularity in applications related to thermoelectric, optoelectronic, and electronic devices. Here, we investigate the phonon spectrum, thermal conductivities, and stress strain effects. Robust anisotropy was mainly observed in the thermal conductivities together with the alongside zigzag （ZZ） direction value, compared to the armchair （AC） directions. We also investigated the attitude of stress that was anisotropic in both directions, and the stress effects were two times greater across the ZZ path than those in the AC direction at a low temperature. We obtained a ~oung＇s modulus of 63.77 and 20.74 GPa in the AC and ZZ directions, respectively, for a strain range of 0.01. These results had good agreement with first principle calculations. Our study here is useful and significant for the thermal tuning of phosphorus-based nanoelectronics and thermalelectric applications of phosphorus.

Application of a continuous respiratory sound monitoring system in thoracic surgery

Dear Editor,We would like to present a novel system for monitoring double-lumen tube(DTL)positions in thoracic surgery by respiratory sounds at the trachea and the bronchi,based on our previously described methodology,algorithms,and patented technology[1-2].Most thoracic surgeries require one-lung ventilation(OLV).A DLT or a bronchial blocker(BB)is the most common means for managing OLV.Intraoperative DLT or BB malposition is a critical issue that needs to be accurately and promptly detected to prevent the incidence of hypoxemia and unintended re-expansion of operated lung during OLV[3-4].A multi-center study of 2127 patients requiring OLV during thoracic surgery revealed that DLTs were used in 95%of patients with a malposition rate of 14%,and BBs were used in 5%of patients with a malposition rate of 33%[5].

Effect of Selected Insecticides on Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller) and Their Successful Management

Helicoverpa armigera H. is a polyphagous notorious pest of a number of economic crops including tomato. In tomato, it can reduce its yield as high as 70% due to fruit boring. Although some predators and parasitoids have been recorded in the field for their natural control, their manipulation to a successful crop management is still awaited. To overcome this pest, insecticides play a significant role in its effective crop management program globally. Tomato is an absolutely perishable commodity and needs the specified period required between the application, of conventional pesticides of organophosphate group, and consumption which can hardly be afforded. Therefore, nine insecticides from the new chemistries, which were relatively safer to human and environment, i.e. Coragen (chlorantraniliprole), steward (indoxacarb), Belt (flubendamide), Delegate (spintoram), Volium Flexy (chlorantraniliprole + thiamethaxim), Fipronil (grafter), Proclaim (emamectin benzoate), Pirate (chlofenapyr) and Lufenuron (lufenuron), were tested on tomato crop heavily infested by this pest in the farmers field in districts Lodhran and Bahawalpur (Pakistan) in the month of April 2014. The mortality was compared after 4, 7 and 10 days and treatments were compared with control as well with one another. The average maximum % mortality, i.e. 89.36 and 85.09 of the pest, was observed with Volium Flexy, and Delegate also worked well even after 7 and 10 days. Similarly, the results on the basis of damaged fruits and percent loss of yield pointed out that Chlorantraniliprole, Flubendiamide and Indoxacarb had resulted better as compared with others, although the difference was statistically non significant. These new chemistry pesticides are suggested to be used at tomato crop against Helicoverpa armigera which are best fitted in the IPM program for the control of the pest.

Structure inversion asymmetry enhanced electronic structure and electrical transport in 2D A3SnO(A=Ca,Sr,and Ba)antiperovskite monolayers

Anti-perovskites A3SnO(A=Ca,Sr,and Ba)are an important class of materials due to the emergence of Dirac cones and tiny mass gaps in their band structures originating from an intricate interplay of crystal symmetry,spin–orbit coupling,and band overlap.This provides an exciting playground for modulating their electronic properties in the two-dimensional(2D)limit.Herein,we employ first-principles density functional theory(DFT)calculations by combining dispersion-corrected SCAN+rVV10 and mBJ functionals for a comprehensive side-by-side comparison of the structural,thermodynamic,dynamical,mechanical,electronic,and thermoelectric properties of bulk and monolayer(one unit cell thick)A3SnO anti-perovskites.Our results show that 2D monolayers derived from bulk A3SnO anti-perovskites are structurally and energetically stable.Moreover,Rashba-type splitting in the electronic structure of Ca3SnO and Sr3SnO monolayers is observed owing to strong spin–orbit coupling and inversion asymmetry.On the other hand,monolayer Ba3SnO exhibits Dirac cone at the high-symmetryΓpoint due to the domination of band overlap.Based on the predicted electronic transport properties,it is shown that inversion asymmetry plays an essential character such that the monolayers Ca3SnO and Sr3SnO outperform thermoelectric performance of their bulk counterparts.

Return and Volatility Spillovers Effects:Study of Asian Emerging Stock Markets

This paper examines the extent of contagion and interdependence across the six Asian emerging countries stock markets(e.g., Bangladesh, China, India, Malaysia, the Philippine, and South Korea) and then try to quantify the extent of the Asian emerging market fluctuations which are described by intra-regional contagion effect. These markets experienced both fast growth and key upheaval during the sample period, and thus, provide potentially rich information on the nature of border market interactions. Using the daily stock market index data from January 2002 to December 2016(breaking the 15 years data set into three sub periods; pre-crisis, crisis, and post crisis periods);particularly make attention to the global financial crisis of 20072008. The return and volatility spillovers are modeled through the GARCH(generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity),pairwise Granger causality tests, and the forecast error variance decomposition in a generalized VAR(vector auto regression) models. This paper shows that volatility and return spillovers behave very differently over time, during the pre-crisis, crisis, and post crisis periods. Importantly, Asian emerging stock markets interaction is less before the global financial crisis period. The return and volatility spillover indices touch their respective historical peaks during the global financial crisis 20072008,however Bangladeshi market faces this condition in 20092010.

A switch-on molecular biosensor for detection of caspase-3 and imaging of apoptosis of cells

Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is essential for maintaining internal environmental stability.Disordered apoptosis can cause a variety of diseases;therefore,sensing apoptosis can provide help in study of mechanism of the relevant diseases and drug development.It is known that caspase-3 is a key enzyme involved in apoptosis and the expression of its activity is an indication of apoptosis.Here,we present a genetically encoded switch-on m Neon Green2-based molecular biosensor.m Neon Green2 is the brightest monomeric green fluorescent protein.The substrate of caspase-3,DEVD amino acid residues,is inserted in it,while cyclized by insertion of Nostoc punctiforme Dna E intein to abolish the fluorescence(inactive state).Caspase-3-catalyzed cleavage of DEVD linearizes m Neon Green2 and rebuilds the natural barrel structure to restore the fluorescence(activated state).The characterization exhibited that the Caspase-3 biosensor has shortened response time,higher sensitivity,and prolonged functional shelf life in detection of caspase-3 amongst the existing counterparts.We also used the Caspase-3 biosensor to evaluate the effect of several drugs on the induction of apoptosis of He La and MCF-7 tumor cells and inhibition of Zika virus invasion.

Recent advances in the development of nanomedicines for the treatment of ischemic stroke

Ischemic stroke is still a serious threat to human life and health,but there are few therapeutic options available to treat stroke because of limited blood-brain penetration.The development of nanotechnology may overcome some of the problems related to traditional drug development.In this review,we focus on the potential applications of nanotechnology in stroke.First,we will discuss the main molecular pathological mechanisms of ischemic stroke to develop a targeted strategy.Second,considering the important role of the blood-brain barrier in stroke treatment,we also delve mechanisms by which the blood-brain barrier protects the brain,and the reasons why the therapeutics must pass through the blood-brain barrier to achieve efficacy.Lastly,we provide a comprehensive review related to the application of nanomaterials to treat stroke,including liposomes,polymers,metal nanoparticles,carbon nanotubes,graphene,black phosphorus,hydrogels and dendrimers.To conclude,we will summarize the challenges and future prospects of nanomedicine-based stroke treatments.