Objective: To compare the effect of intraperitoneal ropivacaine with placebo for post-operative pain management in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Material and Methods: All patients were pre-medicate...Objective: To compare the effect of intraperitoneal ropivacaine with placebo for post-operative pain management in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Material and Methods: All patients were pre-medicated with glycopyrrolate 0.2 mg, ondansetron 4 mg and ranitidine 150 mg intravenously half an hour prior to induction of anesthesia. All patients were given standard general anaesthesia with propofol (2-2.5 mg/kg), fentanyl 2 μg/kg, and succinylcholine (2 mg/kg) to facilitate tracheal intubation. Anesthesia was maintained with 60% N2O in oxygen with 0.5% to 1% Halothane. Group A: Patients received 20 ml of 0.9% normal saline as placebo (n = 25). Group B: Patients received 20 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine (n = 25). Results: The age and sex distribution of both the groups was similar. The heart rate, systolic & diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure and mean trend of SpO2 in both groups remained similar over the periods. The mean VAS varied considerably within (between time) and between the groups (treatment) and was especially comparatively higher in Group A at initial hours 15 min to 30 min and at end hours 12-24 hrs as compared with Group B. On an average, the frequent dosing of rescue analgesia and mean No. of rescue analgesia doses were higher in Group A followed by Group B. In both groups, the treatment related adverse events were mostly emetic symptoms and shoulder pain with the highest being in Group A. Conclusion: We conclude that intraperitoneal instillation of local anaesthetic is an easy, cheap, and non-invasive method which provides good analgesia in the immediate postoperative period after laparoscopic surgery.展开更多
Clonal propagation of eucalypts has considerable importance due to the increasing demands for short rotation tree crops.Rooting quality is important as it governs the soil exploitation capacity of the plant and the an...Clonal propagation of eucalypts has considerable importance due to the increasing demands for short rotation tree crops.Rooting quality is important as it governs the soil exploitation capacity of the plant and the anchorage of trees which are susceptible to wind damage.This study assesses the quality of adventitious rooting by coppice cuttings of commercially important Eucalyptus clones using multiple attribute ranking of the diff erences in parameters of root growth.The eff ects of diff erent concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid(IBA)on root development were observed.Cuttings were treated with 500,1000,4000,6000 mg L−1 IBA and tannic acid for 10 s,2 h and 24 h.Total length of root systems,number of roots,shoot to root ratios,number of root segments,extent of forking,rooting percentage,average root diameters,and number of root tips were measured.Grey relational analysis was used to create a comparability sequence to rank treatments.Reducing the concentration of auxin(IBA)and increasing the length of exposure produced better quality roots in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and interspecifi c hybrids(reciprocal hybrids of E.tereticornis and E.camaldulensis),while the opposite was observed with E.tereticornis clones.A root quality index was proposed,based on the Dickson quality index for the assessment of root system characteristics and considered total mass,shoot:root ratios,total length of root systems,and average root diameters.It has the advantage of implementation convenience.A positive correlation was obtained between grey relational analysis grades and root quality index.Rooting dynamics were studied by evaluating the total length of the root system at seven-day intervals and plotting daily current and medium increments using regression analysis.The curves showed the variation in growth rates among the diff erent clones,and their intersection gave the optimal time of permanence(time at which further growth is restricted)which varied considerably.The highest daily current increment was 35–40 days for all clones.展开更多
文摘Objective: To compare the effect of intraperitoneal ropivacaine with placebo for post-operative pain management in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Material and Methods: All patients were pre-medicated with glycopyrrolate 0.2 mg, ondansetron 4 mg and ranitidine 150 mg intravenously half an hour prior to induction of anesthesia. All patients were given standard general anaesthesia with propofol (2-2.5 mg/kg), fentanyl 2 μg/kg, and succinylcholine (2 mg/kg) to facilitate tracheal intubation. Anesthesia was maintained with 60% N2O in oxygen with 0.5% to 1% Halothane. Group A: Patients received 20 ml of 0.9% normal saline as placebo (n = 25). Group B: Patients received 20 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine (n = 25). Results: The age and sex distribution of both the groups was similar. The heart rate, systolic & diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure and mean trend of SpO2 in both groups remained similar over the periods. The mean VAS varied considerably within (between time) and between the groups (treatment) and was especially comparatively higher in Group A at initial hours 15 min to 30 min and at end hours 12-24 hrs as compared with Group B. On an average, the frequent dosing of rescue analgesia and mean No. of rescue analgesia doses were higher in Group A followed by Group B. In both groups, the treatment related adverse events were mostly emetic symptoms and shoulder pain with the highest being in Group A. Conclusion: We conclude that intraperitoneal instillation of local anaesthetic is an easy, cheap, and non-invasive method which provides good analgesia in the immediate postoperative period after laparoscopic surgery.
文摘Clonal propagation of eucalypts has considerable importance due to the increasing demands for short rotation tree crops.Rooting quality is important as it governs the soil exploitation capacity of the plant and the anchorage of trees which are susceptible to wind damage.This study assesses the quality of adventitious rooting by coppice cuttings of commercially important Eucalyptus clones using multiple attribute ranking of the diff erences in parameters of root growth.The eff ects of diff erent concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid(IBA)on root development were observed.Cuttings were treated with 500,1000,4000,6000 mg L−1 IBA and tannic acid for 10 s,2 h and 24 h.Total length of root systems,number of roots,shoot to root ratios,number of root segments,extent of forking,rooting percentage,average root diameters,and number of root tips were measured.Grey relational analysis was used to create a comparability sequence to rank treatments.Reducing the concentration of auxin(IBA)and increasing the length of exposure produced better quality roots in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and interspecifi c hybrids(reciprocal hybrids of E.tereticornis and E.camaldulensis),while the opposite was observed with E.tereticornis clones.A root quality index was proposed,based on the Dickson quality index for the assessment of root system characteristics and considered total mass,shoot:root ratios,total length of root systems,and average root diameters.It has the advantage of implementation convenience.A positive correlation was obtained between grey relational analysis grades and root quality index.Rooting dynamics were studied by evaluating the total length of the root system at seven-day intervals and plotting daily current and medium increments using regression analysis.The curves showed the variation in growth rates among the diff erent clones,and their intersection gave the optimal time of permanence(time at which further growth is restricted)which varied considerably.The highest daily current increment was 35–40 days for all clones.
