西藏日喀则市棘球蚴病传染源控制措施及效果

目的调查了解西藏日喀则市棘球蚴病传染源控制措施实施情况,评价防治效果。方法调查西藏日喀则市各流行县2017-2019年传染源犬的数量变化、登记管理和驱虫情况以及感染率变化情况并进行比较分析,综合评价防治效果。结果2017-2019年日喀则市设立流浪犬收容中心6所,累计抓捕、收容流浪犬或处理染疫犬189992只次,年收容率分别为32.75%、66.13%和99.99%;家养犬分别为50067、42703和38074只,登记管理率分别为36.55%、74.18%和96.16%;犬年均驱虫次数分别为1、10、10次,目前基本实现"犬犬投药、月月驱虫"。2019年犬棘球绦虫感染率为2.27%(41/1803),较2016年棘球蚴病流行情况调查的犬感染率4.83%(94/1945)显著下降(P<0.05)。2019年标化犬感染率为0.70%,较2016年下降85.5%。结论2017-2019年日喀则市流浪犬数量显著减少,家养犬棘球绦虫感染率大幅下降,传染源犬控制效果良好,棘球蚴病传播风险显著降低,实现了日喀则市棘球蚴病3年综合防治目标。

智能项圈在包虫病犬驱虫应用中的初步评价

目的探讨智能项圈在包虫病源头防控中的应用价值。方法采用简单随机抽样分组,智能项圈驱虫组(干预组)的犬佩戴智能项圈,采用物联网技术进行远程管理控制,每月定时自动投放驱虫药饵1次;人工驱虫组(对照组)采用现有人工投放药饵驱虫模式。采用ELISA方法检测犬粪棘球绦虫抗原,SPSS 20.0软件处理数据,广义估算方程(GEE)分析驱虫效果。结果智能项圈驱虫组在驱虫开始、驱虫3个月、6个月、9个月和12个月时项圈佩戴率分别为100.00%(421/421)、96.20%(405/421)、89.31%(376/421)、84.56%(356/421)和94.06%(396/421);累积投药完成率分别为74.36%(313/421)、91.37%(1154/1263)、84.76%(2141/2526)、80.15%(3037/3789)和74.43%(3760/5052)。12次驱虫后,智能项圈驱虫组和人工驱虫组均能显著降低犬粪棘球绦虫抗原阳性率(差异具有统计学意义,χ^(2)=20.723,P=0.014;χ^(2)=26.145,P=0.002)。使用智能项圈驱虫对犬具有更显著的保护作用,其感染风险比人工驱虫组降低27%(95%置信区间0.556~0.959)。结论作为一种新的驱虫工具,智能项圈驱虫维持了较高的驱虫覆盖率和驱虫完成率,有效降低犬棘球绦虫感染风险,值得进一步应用评价。

基于游离DNA的棘球蚴病诊断标志物的筛选和应用初探

目的筛选棘球蚴病(包虫病)潜在诊断标志物的游离DNA(cell-free DNA,cfDNA)序列,并初步探讨其诊断价值。方法从西藏自治区采集确诊细粒棘球蚴病患者外周血,分离血浆,提取cfDNA并重测序;对测序数据进行生物信息学分析,并与人参考基因组和细粒棘球绦虫基因组综合比对,筛选诊断标志物候选序列;分别以细粒棘球蚴病患者和健康人血浆cfDNA为模板,采用qPCR分析诊断标志物候选序列的特异性和敏感性。结果共采集6份细粒棘球蚴病患者血浆,提取的血浆cfDNA条带较为均一,主要集中于150~200 bp;经重测序和序列比对获得一组候选序列,qPCR分析后初步筛选出一条101碱基的序列,用其检测8例细粒棘球蚴病患者血浆cfDNA,其中5例阳性,敏感性为62.5%;检测健康人血浆的特异性为87.5%(7/8)。结论细粒棘球蚴病患者血浆中存在虫源cfDNA,该序列具有作为诊断标志物的潜在价值。

Epidemiological survey of echinococcosis in Tibet Autonomous Region of China

Background:The echinococcosis is prevalent in 10 provinces/autonomous region in western and northern China.Epidemiological survey of echinococcosis in China in 2012 showed the average prevalence of four counties in Tibet Autonomous Region(TAR)is 4.23%,much higher than the average prevalence in China(0.24%).It is important to understand the transmission risks and the prevalence of echinococcosis in human and animals in TAR.Methods:A stratified and proportionate sampling method was used to select samples in TAR.The selected residents were examined by B-ultrasonography diagnostic,and the faeces of dogs were tested for the canine coproantigen against Echinococcus spp.using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The internal organs of slaughtered domestic animals were examined by visual examination and palpation.The awareness of the prevention and control of echinococcosis among of residents and students was investigated using questionnaire.All data were inputted using double entry in the Epi Info database,with error correction by double-entry comparison,the statistical analysis of all data was processed using SPSS 21.0,and the map was mapped using ArcGIS 10.1,the data was tested by Chi-square test and Cochran-Armitage trend test.Results:A total of 80384 people,7564 faeces of dogs,and 2103 internal organs of slaughtered domestic animals were examined.The prevalence of echinococcosis in humans in TAR was 1.66%,the positive rate in females(1.92%)was significantly higher than that in males(1.41%),(X2=30.31,P<0.01),the positive rate of echinococcosis was positively associated with age(X2trend=-423.95,P<0.01),and the occupational populations with high positive rates of echinococcosis were herdsmen(3.66%)and monks(3.48%).The average positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigen in TAR was 7.30%.The positive rate of echinococcosis in livestock for the whole region was 11.84%.The average awareness rate of echinococcosis across the region was 33.39%.Conclusions:A high prevalence of echinococcosis is found across the TAR,representing a very serious concern to human health.Efforts should be made to develop an action plan for echinococcosis prevention and control as soon as possible,so as to control the endemic of echinococcosis and reduce the medical burden on the population.

Geographic distribution and prevalence of human echinococcosis at the township level in the Tibet Autonomous Region

Background Echinococcosis,a zoonotic parasitic disease,is caused by larval stages of cestodes in the Echinococcus genus.Echinococcosis is highly prevalent in ten provinces/autonomous regions of western and northern China.In 2016,an epidemiological survey of Tibet Autonomous Region(TAR)revealed that the prevalence of human echinococcosis was 1.66%,which was much higher than the average prevalence in China(0.24%).Therefore,to improve on the current prevention and control measures,it is important to understand the prevalence and spatial distribution characteristics of human echinococcosis at the township level in TAR.Methods Data for echinococcosis cases in 2018 were obtained from the annual report system of echinococcosis of Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention.Diagnosis had been performed via B-ultrasonography.The epidemic status of echinococcosis in all townships in TAR was classified according to the relevant standards of population prevalence indices as defined in the national technical plan for echinococcosis control.Spatial scan statistics were performed to establish the geographical townships that were most at risk of echinococcosis.Results In 2018,a total of 16,009 echinococcosis cases,whose prevalence was 0.53%,were recorded in 74 endemic counties in TAR.Based on the order of the epidemic degree,all the 692 townships were classified from high to low degrees.Among them,127 townships had prevalence rates≥1%.The high prevalence of human echinococcosis in TAR,which is associated with a wide geographic distribution,is a medical concern.Approximately 94.65%of the villages and towns reported echinococcosis cases.According to spatial distribution analysis,the prevalence of human echinococcosis was found to be clustered,with the specific clustering areas being identified.The cystic echinococcosis primary cluster covered 88 townships,while that of alveolar echinococcosis’s covered 38 townships.Conclusions This study shows spatial distributions of echinococcosis with different epidemic degrees in 692 townships of TAR and high-risk cluster areas at the township level.Our findings indicate that strengthening the echinococcosis prevention and control strategies in TAR should directed at townships with a high prevalence and high-risk clustering areas.

Effects of management of infection source of echinococcosis in Linzhi, Tibet Autonomous Region of China

Background:Echinococcosis is highly endemic in western and northern China.Tibet Autonomous Region(TAR)is the most serious prevalent area.Linzhi is located in southeastern part ofTAR.Dogs are the primary infection source for the transmission of echinococcosis to humans.A control and prevention campaign based on dog management has been implemented in the past three years.This study aims to evaluate the effects of dog management on the infection rate of dogs.

National Alveolar Echinococcosis Distribution--China, 2012−2016

What is already known about this topic?Both alveolar echinococcosis(AE)and cystic echinococcosis are endemic in China,among which alveolar echinococcosis has a very high mortality rate.What is added by this report?The survey results showed the prevalence and scope of AE in China and identified high-risk groups including children,monks,herdsmen and illiterate people.At the same time,all the cases found in the survey(more than 90%of the patients did not go to the hospital for diagnosis and treatment before survey)were promptly diagnosed and treated.What are the implications for public health practice?This study provides information for the development of a plan for AE prevention and control and for the implementation of interventions targeted to high-risk populations.

Reducing Canine Echinococcus Infection with Smart Deworming Collars--Tibet,China,June-November,2020

What is already known about this topic?Existing manual deworming programs launched have made great progress in reducing the Echinococcus infection rate of domestic dogs,but significant challenges remain in scattered nomadic communities inhabiting the Tibetan Plateau.The low deworming frequency and low levels of coverage were responsible for the high infection rate of Echinococcus spp.among dogs.What is added by this report?Smart deworming collars controlled by a remote management system(RMS)was found to increase the deworming frequency and coverage and subsequently reduce the canine infection rates with Echinococcus spp..What are the implications for public health practice?As an innovative tool,smart deworming collars may drive the paradigm shift from manual deworming to smart deworming and stop the transmission of echinococcosis.