Intraexaminer repeatability and agreement in stereoacuity measurements made in young adults

AIM: To determine the repeatability and agreement of stereoacuity measurements made using some of the most widely used clinical tests: Frisby, TNO, Randot and Titmus.METHODS: Stereoacuity was measured in two different sessions separated by a time interval of at least 24 h but no longer than 1wk in 74 subjects of mean age 20.6y using the four methods. The study participants were divided into two groups: subjects with normal binocular vision and subjects with abnormal binocular vision.RESULTS: Best repeatability was shown by the Frisby and Titmus [coefficient of repeatability(COR): ±13 and±12s arc respectively] in the subjects with normal binocular vision though a clear ceiling effect was noted.In the subjects with abnormal binocular vision, best repeatability was shown by the Frisby(COR: ±69s arc)and Randot(COR: ±72s arc). In both groups, the TNO test showed poorest agreement with the other tests.CONCLUSION:Therepeatabilityofstereoacuitymeasures was low in subjects with poor binocular vision yet fairly good in subjects with normal binocular vision with the exception of the TNO test. The reduced agreement detected between the tests indicates they cannot be used interchangeably.

Phytochemically rich dietary components and the risk of colorectal cancer:A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

BACKGROUND Personalized nutrition and protective diets and lifestyles represent a key cancer research priority.The association between consumption of specific dietary components and colorectal cancer(CRC)incidence has been evaluated by a number of population-based studies,which have identified certain food items as having protective potential,though the findings have been inconsistent.Herein we present a systematic review and meta-analysis on the potential protective role of five common phytochemically rich dietary components(nuts,cruciferous vegetables,citrus fruits,garlic and tomatoes)in reducing CRC risk.AIM To investigate the independent impact of increased intake of specific dietary constituents on CRC risk in the general population.METHODS Medline and Embase were systematically searched,from time of database inception to January 31,2020,for observational studies reporting CRC incidence relative to intake of one or more of nuts,cruciferous vegetables,citrus fruits,garlic and/or tomatoes in the general population.Data were extracted by two independent reviewers and analyzed in accordance with the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology(MOOSE)and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis(PRISMA)reporting guidelines and according to predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria.Effect sizes of studies were pooled using a random-effects model.RESULTS Forty-six studies were identified.CRC risk was significantly reduced in patients with higher vs lower consumption of cruciferous vegetables[odds ratio(OR)=0.90;95%confidence interval(CI):0.85-0.95;P<0.005],citrus fruits(OR=0.90;95%CI:0.84-0.96;P<0.005),garlic(OR=0.83;95%CI:0.76-0.91;P<0.005)and tomatoes(OR=0.89;95%CI:0.84-0.95;P<0.005).Subgroup analysis showed that this association sustained when looking at case-control studies alone,for all of these four food items,but no significant difference was found in analysis of cohort studies alone.Nut consumption exhibited a similar trend,but overall results were not significant(OR=0.72;95%CI:0.50-1.03;P<0.07;I2=90.70%).Putative anticarcinogenic mechanisms are proposed using gene-set enrichment analysis of gene/protein perturbations caused by active compounds within each food item.CONCLUSION Increased cruciferous vegetable,garlic,citrus fruit and tomato consumption are all inversely associated with CRC risk.These findings highlight the potential for developing precision nutrition strategies for CRC prevention.