Impacts of Surface Exchange Coefficients on Simulations of Super Typhoon Megi(2010)Using a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave Model

In this study,the effects of surface exchange coefficients on simulations of Super Typhoon Megi(2010)are investigated using a fully coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave model.Several experiments are conducted using different parameterization schemes for the drag(C_(D))and enthalpy exchange(C_(K))coefficients.For the selected case,considering only the leveling-off of C_(D)at high wind speeds does not effectively improve the simulated typhoon track,intensity,or size.We found that increasing C_(K)monotonically with wind speed(Komori et al.,2018)yields stronger winds and deeper pressures by enhancing latent and sensible heat fluxes,but typhoon intensity remains underestimated.We propose a new higher C_(K)than that from Komori et al.(2018)based on the theory of Emanuel(1995).This approach produces a greater modeled typhoon intensity that is in good agreement with the best track data and effectively improves the track error for the simulation.Improved accuracy for modeled typhoon intensity is achieved with the new coefficient because C_(K)/C_(D)reaches the threshold of about 0.75 predicted by Emanuel(1995).The new proposed C_(K)also results in a reasonably accurate modeled sea surface temperature.However,typhoon size and surface wave height are overestimated.This finding implies that more numerical tests for tropical cyclones of different nature(such as strong,weak,dissipating,rapidly intensifying,or weakening tropical cyclones)should be studied,and more physical processes should be explored in future coupled models.

敦煌本《摩诃般若经》残卷缀合研究

敦煌文献中明确为《摩诃般若经》的写卷共约222号,除其中35号某一卷首尾皆全外,其余皆为残片或残卷。本文通过分析内容、残字、行款以及书风书迹,将其中的十六号缀合为八组,并附上缀合图分别加以叙述,以此为定名和断代研究提供相关线索,有助于深入地考察敦煌写卷的性质。

丧礼“双主体”仪式结构略说——以“三礼”所载士丧礼为中心

古制茫昧,异说纷纭,而丧礼尤甚。然从现代仪式学的过渡理论而言,丧礼呈现了传统生命理解中“形神分离”的双主体信仰,此在其仪式结构中有着非常明确的安顿脉络:骨肉的安顿仪式由袭于室、敛于堂、殡于客位、祖于庭、葬于墓组成,而“所以示远”;灵魂由招以服、依以重、依以象人、依以虞主、依以栗主,而“系心”孝子。丧主在此“双结构”安顿中经过三年的服丧而“淡然平安”,逐渐复常,从而完成了丧礼之分离、阈限和聚合的三段式典礼过渡。由此观察丧礼仪式结构在汉唐之际的中古探索和宋元以来的近世整合,其经权之变的轨迹明了可知,这无疑对我们今天接续传统和重建新仪具有典范的结构性意义。

A Method for Sea Surface Wind Field Retrieval from SAR Image Mode Data

To retrieve wind field from SAR images, the development for surface wind field retrieval from SAR images based on the improvement of new inversion model is present. Geophysical Model Functions （GMFs） have been widely applied for wind field retrieval from SAR images. Among them CMOD4 has a good performance under low and moderate wind conditions. Although CMOD5 is developed recently with a more fundamental basis, it has ambiguity of wind speed and a shape gradient of normalized radar cross section under low wind speed condition. This study proposes a method of wind field retrieval from SAR image by com-bining CMOD5 and CMOD4 Five VV-polarisation RADARSAT2 SAR images are implemented for validation and the retrieval re-suits by a combination method （CMOD5 and CMOD4） together with CMOD4 GMF are compared with QuikSCAT wind data. The root-mean-square error （RMSE） of wind speed is 0.75 m s-1 with correlation coefficient 0.84 using the combination method and the RMSE of wind speed is 1.01 m s-1 with correlation coefficient 0.72 using CMOD4 GMF alone for those cases. The proposed method can be applied to SAR image for avoiding the internal defect in CMOD5 under low wind speed condition.

Rogue waves during Typhoon Trami in the East China Sea

As concluded from physical theory and laboratory experiment,it is widely accepted that nonlinearities of sea state play an important role in the formation of rogue waves;however,the sea states and corresponding nonlinearities of real-world rogue wave events remain poorly understood.Three rogue waves were recorded by a directional buoy located in the East China Sea during Typhoon Trami in August 2013.This study used the WAVEWATCHⅢmodel to simulate the sea state conditions pertaining to when and where those rogue waves were observed,based on which a comprehensive and full-scale analysis was performed.From the perspectives of wind and wave fields,wave system tracking,High-Order Spectral method simulation,and some characteristic sea state parameters,we concluded that the rogue waves occurred in sea states dominated by second-order nonlinearities.Moreover,third-order modulational instabilities were suppressed in these events because of the developed or fully developed sea state determined by the typhoon wave system.The method adopted in this study can provide comprehensive and full-scale analysis of rogue waves in the real world.The case studied in this paper is not considered unique,and rules could be found and confirmed in relation to other typhoon sea states through the application of our proposed method.

A proposed directional function and wind-wave directional spectrum

A directional function for frequencies equal to and larger than the peak frequency of a wind-wave frequency spectrum is constructed by fitting the angular spreading based on the analytically derived directional spectrum of Wen et al. (1993, Journal of Oceanography, 49(2), 131～147, 149～172). For frequencies smaller than the peak frequency, the directional function is obtained by comparing and analyzing existing formulas. The nondimensional wind-wave frequency spectrum of Wen et al. (1994, Progress in Natural Seience, 4(4). 407～427;4 (5), 586～596) has been used together with the directional function just mentioned to obtain the directional spectrum for easier application.

An Investigation of the Effects of Wave State and Sea Spray on an Idealized Typhoon Using an Air-Sea Coupled Modeling System

In this study, the impact of atmospherewave coupling on typhoon intensity was investigated using numerical simulations of an idealized typhoon in a coupled atmospherewaveocean modeling system. The coupling between atmosphere and sea surface waves considered the effects of wave state and sea sprays on airsea momentum flux, the atmospheric lowlevel dissipative heating, and the wavestateaffected sea spray heat flux. Several experiments were conducted to examine the impacts of wave state, sea sprays, and dissipative heating on an idealized typhoon system. Results show that considering the wave state and seasprayaffected seasurface roughness reduces typhoon intensity, while including dissipative heating intensifies the typhoon system. Taking into account sea spray heat flux also strengthens the typhoon system with increasing maximum wind speed and significant wave height. The overall impact of atmospherewave coupling makes a positive contribution to the intensification of the idealized typhoon system. The minimum central pressure simulated by the coupled atmospherewave experiment was 16.4 hPa deeper than that of the control run, and the maximum wind speed and significant wave height increased by 31% and 4%, respectively. Meanwhile, within the area beneath the typhoon center, the average total upward airsea heat flux increased by 22%, and the averaged latent heat flux increased more significantly by 31% compared to the uncoupled run.

Estimate of Global Sea-Air CO_2 Flux with Sea-State-Dependent Parameterization

Although the annual global sea-air CO2 flux has been estimated extensively with various wind-dependent-k parameterizations,uncertainty still exists in the estimates. The sea-state-dependent-k parameterization is expected to improve the uncertainty existing in these estimates. In the present study,the annual global sea-air CO2 flux is estimated with the sea-state-dependent-k parameterization proposed by Woolf(2005) ,using NOAA/NCEP reanalysis wind speed and hindcast wave data from 1998 to 2006,and a new estimate,-2.18 Gt C year-1,is obtained,which is comparable with previous estimates with biochemical methods. It is interesting to note that the averaged value of previous estimates with various wind-dependent-k parameterizations is almost identical to that of previous estimates with biochemical methods by various authors,and that the new estimate is quite consistent with these averaged estimates.

Laboratory Experiment on Wave Induced Turbulence

A laboratory experiment was conducted inside a wind wave tank to investigate the wave induced turbulence. In this experiment, the wave surface elevation and velocity beneath the water surface were measured simultaneously to investigate the relation between the wave status and wave induced turbulence. The profile of the turbulent dissipation rate and Reynolds stress were calculated using experimental data. The effect of the wave status on turbulence is investigated with regard to the wind wave, swell, and mixed wave conditions. It was depicted that the turbulence decreased with increasing depth from the water surface and that the turbulence that was induced by a wave with larger wavelength and wave height is much stronger for the same wave status. Finally, we observed that the wind wave is more effective in activating the wave induced turbulence.

Numerical Study of the Secondary Circulations in Rip Current Systems

To investigate the mechanism of secondary circulations in rip current systems, and to explore the relationship between wave conditions and secondary circulation intensity, a series of numerical experiments is performed using coupled nearshore wave model and circulation model. In these experiments, the rip currents and secondary circulations generated above barred beaches with rip channels are simulated. A comparison experiment is conducted to investigate the formation and hydrodynamics of the secondary circulations. Model results indicate that the secondary circulations consist of alongshore flows driven by wave set-up near the shoreline, part of the feeder currents driven by the wave set-up over the bars, and onshore flows at the end of the rip channel driven by wave breaking and convection. The existence of the secondary circulation barely affects the rip current, but narrows and intensifies the feeder currents. Three groups of experiments of varying incident wave conditions are performed to investigate the relationship between wave conditions and secondary circulation intensity. The velocity of the alongshore flow of the secondary circulation is sensitive to the variation of the incident wave height and water depth. It is also found that the alongshore flow intensity is in direct proportion to the alongshore variation of the wave height gradient between the bars and the shoreline.

Surface wave simulation during winter with sea ice in the Bohai Sea

Sea ice can attenuate wave energy significantly when waves propagate through ice covers.In this study,a third-generation wave model called simulating wave nearshore(SWAN)was advanced to include damping of wave energy due to friction in the boundary layer below the ice.With the addition of an eddy viscosity wave-ice model,the resulting new SWAN model was applied to simulate wave height in the Bohai Sea during the freezing winter.Its performance was validated with available buoy data near the ice edge,and the new model showed an improvement in accuracy because it considered the ice effect on waves.We then performed a wave hindcast for the Bohai Sea during a freezing period in the winter of 2016 that had the severest ice conditions in recent years and found that the mean significant wave height changed by approximately 16.52%.In the Liaodong Bay,where sea ice concentration is highest,the change reached 32.57%,compared with the most recent SWAN model version.The average influence of sea ice on wave height simulation was also evaluated over a five-year(2013-2017)hindcast during January and February.We found that the wave height decrease was more significant in storm conditions even the eddy viscosity wave-ice model itself showed no advantage on damping stronger waves.

Inversion of Evaporation and Water Vapor Transport Using HY-2 Multi-Sensor Data

HY-2 satellite is the first marine dynamic environment satellite of China.In this study,global evaporation and water vapor transport of the global sea surface are calculated on the basis of HY-2 multi-sensor data from April 1 to 30,2014.The algorithm of evaporation and water vapor transport is discussed in detail,and results are compared with other reanalysis data.The sea surface temperature of HY-2 is in good agreement with the ARGO buoy data.Two clusters are shown in the scatter plot of HY-2 and OAFlux evaporation due to the uneven global distribution of evaporation.To improve the calculation accuracy,we compared the different parameterization schemes and adopted the method of calibrating HY-2 precipitation data by SSM/I and Global Precipitation Climatology Project(GPCP)data.In calculating the water vapor transport,the adjustment scheme is proposed to match the balance of the water cycle for data in the low latitudes.

A curvelet-based method to determine wave directions from nautical X-band radar images

A new method to determine wave directions from nautical X-band images is proposed. The signatures of ocean waves show obvious scale and directional characteristics in nautical X-band radar images. Curvelet transform（CT） possesses very high scale and directional sensitivities. Therefore, it has good capability to analyze ocean wave fields. The radar images are decomposed at different scales, in different directions, and at different positions by CT, and curvelet coefficients are obtained. Given to the scale and directional characteristics of surface waves,the information of ocean waves is centralized in the curvelet coefficients of certain directions and at certain scales.Therefore, the wave orientations can be determined. The 180 ambiguity is removed by calculating crosscorrelation coefficients（CCCs） between continuous collected images. The proposed method is verified by the dataset collected on the Northwest coast of the Zhangzi Island in the Yellow Sea of China from March to April 2009.

礼的义涵与儒家身体观——“礼,体也”故训发覆

“修身为本”是儒家思想中的一个重要共识,由此带来的形神关系、身心关系、心性关系等等的思考与认知,也成为儒学史上备受关注的议题。这些思考与认知的结果要在人的生命活动中得到“体”现,以完成修身的目的,由此遂形成了儒家独有的身体观——礼仪身体观。其影响所及,礼仪也被视为中国人的生活方式和中国传统社会的根本特征——礼仪之邦。用“体”来解释“礼”,在先秦两汉文献中有不少记载,从二字的造字本义及文献用例可知,人体合于道德规范的行为表达就是“礼仪之体”,它是人类身体不可或缺的组成部分。礼仪之体既是人类从童子转变为成人的必备要素,也是人类与禽兽行为区隔的根本所在。现代字典中对“体”“礼”二字的这一义项皆付缺如,这对传统文化特别是儒家思想的理解与研究无疑是有不利影响的。

婚礼主体仪式结构的基本范式——以“三礼”所载士婚礼为中心

仪式结构可以说是典礼的"基因排列"。在以冠婚丧祭为代表的传统人生四礼中,婚礼是唯一一个由主体本身自主完成的典礼。从结构学的角度来观察,传统婚礼的六礼可以纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期五个环节为阈限前的分隔环节,以亲迎为阈限环节,而以成妇、成婿为阈限后的聚合环节。这些环节在古今殊域的践行中有着复杂的仪式呈现,其中又以阈限亲迎的仪式结构最为丰富。从主体及其对境的表征来说,亲迎的仪式结构可以分为五个节点:家、庭、门、车、路。其中家又是由室、堂、庙三个节点构成,新郎、新娘通过五个节点的往返出入建构起亲迎的"神圣时空",并在此时空的对境中通过彼此以及与双方父母、祖神和天地人之间的沟通融合仪式,完成"继后世""合二姓之好"和"事宗庙"的婚礼目的。在这一过程中,隐在的深层礼义认同与显现的表层礼仪表达共同构建了传统婚礼仪式结构的基本范式。

北极海冰漂移对多年冰分布的影响研究

本文基于美国冰雪数据中心(NSIDC)提供的海冰漂移和冰龄数据,分析了1985-2014年北极海冰漂移场的主要模态和多年冰的分布特征,初步评估了海冰漂移对多年冰分布的影响。多年冰面积序列的小波变换结果显示多年冰面积的显著周期为1年和5年,其中5年周期在2007年之后变得显著。海冰漂移速度的经验正交分解的冬季第一模态向穿极流模态的转化,穿极流模态在30年间方差贡献率的逐步上升,穿极流态流轴位置的偏移与多年冰的分布在三个年代相吻合,揭示了二者的密切关系。波弗特海域在三个10年间速度趋势的上升,对于多年冰的输运起到了重要的作用。从三个时间段冬夏两季速度的变化来看,冬季是海冰漂移速度增加的主要时期,与该海域内多年冰面积的下降形成了正反馈关系。

Wave energy input into the Ekman layer

This paper is concerned with the wave energy input into the Ekman layer, based on 3 observational facts that surface waves could significantly affect the profile of the Ekman layer. Under the assumption of constant vertical diffusivity, the analytical form of wave energy input into the Ekman layer is derived. Analysis of the energy balance shows that the energy input to the Ekman layer through the wind stress and the interaction of the Stokes-drift with planetary vorticity can be divided into two kinds. One is the wind energy input, and the other is the wave energy input which is dependent on wind speed, wave characteristics and the wind direction relative to the wave direction. Estimates of wave energy input show that wave energy input can be up to 10% in high-latitude and high-wind speed areas and higher than 20% in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, compared with the wind energy input into the classical Ekman layer. Results of this paper are of significance to the study of wave-induced large scale effects.

Derivation of a wave-state-dependent sea spray generation function and its application in estimating sea spray heat flux

A sea spray generation function(SSGF)for bubble-derived droplets that takes into account the impact of wave state on whitecap coverage was presented in this study.By combining the new SSGF with a previous wave-state-dependent SSGF for spume droplets,an SSGF applicable to both bubble-derived and spume droplets that includes the impacts of wave state was obtained.The produced SSGF varies with surface wind as well as with wave development.As sea surface wind increases,more sea spray droplets are produced,resulting in larger SSGFs and volume fluxes.Meanwhile,under the same wind conditions,the SSGF is mediated by wave state,with larger SSGFs corresponding to older waves and larger windsea Reynolds numbers.The impact of wave state on sea spray heat flux was then estimated by applying this SSGF while considering the thermodynamic feedback process.Under given atmospheric and oceanic conditions,the estimated sea spray heat flux increases with wind speed,wave age,and windsea Reynolds number.