An efficient inverse approach for reconstructing time-and space-dependent heat flux of participating medium

The decentralized fuzzy inference method(DFIM)is employed as an optimization technique to reconstruct time-and space-dependent heat flux of two-dimensional(2D)participating medium.The forward coupled radiative and conductive heat transfer problem is solved by a combination of finite volume method and discrete ordinate method.The reconstruction task is formulated as an inverse problem,and the DFIM is used to reconstruct the unknown heat flux.No prior information on the heat flux distribution is required for the inverse analysis.All retrieval results illustrate that the time-and spacedependent heat flux of participating medium can be exactly recovered by the DFIM.The present method is proved to be more efficient and accurate than other optimization techniques.The effects of heat flux form,initial guess,medium property,and measurement error on reconstruction results are investigated.Simulated results indicate that the DFIM is robust to reconstruct different kinds of heat fluxes even with noisy data.

Model predictive inverse method for recovering boundary conditions of two-dimensional ablation

A model predictive inverse method (MPIM) is presented to estimate the time- and space-dependent heat flux onthe ablated boundary and the ablation velocity of the two-dimensional ablation system. For the method, first of all, therelationship between the heat flux and the temperatures of the measurement points inside the ablation material is establishedby the predictive model based on an influence relationship matrix. Meanwhile, the estimation task is formulated as aninverse heat transfer problem (IHTP) with consideration of ablation, which is described by an objective function of thetemperatures at the measurement point. Then, the rolling optimization is used to solve the IHTP to online estimate theunknown heat flux on the ablated boundary. Furthermore, the movement law of the ablated boundary is reconstructedaccording to the estimation of the boundary heat flux. The effects of the temperature measurement errors, the numberof future time steps, and the arrangement of the measurement points on the estimation results are analyzed in numericalexperiments. On the basis of the numerical results, the effectiveness of the presented method is clarified.

Speed-resolved blood perfusion and oxygen saturation in human skin response to thermal stimulation

The functional status of vessels can be determined by assessing blood perfusion.By integrating diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(DRS)and Laser Doppler Flowmetry(LDF),the speed-resolved blood perfusion and blood oxygen saturation can be measured simultaneously by Enhanced Perfusion and Oxygen Saturation(EPOS).The dataset presented in this descriptor contains EPOS data recorded from a forearm point exposed to different levels of thermal stimulation,the classical LDF at control points,the R-R time series and data regarding the subjects’characteristics.All data were recorded from 60 recruited healthy subjects.Half of the subjects received different levels of thermal stimulation,and half of them were blank controls.We believe that this dataset will lead to the development of local blood perfusion methods that can be used to index vessel function assessments.This publicly available dataset will be beneficial to the microcirculation evaluation.

Longitudinal directional movement of Alcian blue in Gephyrocharax Melanocheir fish: Revealing interstitial flow and related structure

Background:Observing interstitial fluid(ISF)is very difficult because interstitial structure collapses and ISF disappears after tissue fixation.Additionally,ISF is colorless,and interstitial flow is weak in vivo.In order to view the interstitial flow,special dye and animal model was chosen to explore the movement characteristic of interstitial flow and related structure.Methods:The Gephyrocharax Melanocheir(GM)fish,a special animal with translucent body,were placed into 0.03 g/L tricain solution for anesthesia.20-25μL Alcian blue(AB)solution which can stain acid mucopolysaccharide immobilized by the collagen net in connective tissue was injected into each fish at a single point with a rate of 2 μL/min via a micro-injection pump.The process of infusion and the movement of the AB in fish were record by a digital camera.The(fresh)frozen sections of AB tracks tissue were performed to observe the morphological feature.Results:Several blue tracks were observed which were formed by longitudinal directional movements of AB solution.For back lateral track,the velocity and length of the movements were significantly fast and longer on the direction toward head than that toward tail(P<0.01).For lateral middle track,the result was opposite,namely toward tail(P<0.01).This phenomenon indicated an inherent ISF flow according to Darcy's law.Morphological study showed these tracks were just in septa composed by connective tissue.The stained blue septa formed various shapes as interstitial space for ISF flow and connected with one another like a net.The finding can help us to understand the essence of meridian in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Conclusions:The dynamic asymmetry of the AB tracks revealed interstitial flow in the GM fish body.It implied an inherent interstitial flow along particular pathway formed by septa which may be a key to understand the nature and value of meridians and collaterals in health care.

大鼠循经低流阻通道的发现

Background:Continuous and porous low hydraulic resistance channels(LHRCs)are important structures of meridians in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).In this study,based on the previous research on LHRCs along meridian paths(LHRCMs)in mini-pig,we aimed to detect the low hydraulic resistance point(LHRP)and display the LHRCMs in rats.Methods:A technique for measuring interstitial hydraulic resistance(Rh)in rats was established to detect and measure the Rh along the conception vessel(CV)in TCM,and Alcian Blue(AB)solution was injected into the LHRP along the CV.The interstitial fluid pressure(IFP)of the LHRP was measured before and after AB injection.Then,the distribution characteristics of the AB solution were investigated to explore the relationship between AB tracks and meridian paths in TCM.Results:The positions of the LHRPs coincided with the low impedance points(LIPs)of the rat skin along the CV.The Rh value along the CV(10.37,1.26,×10^(6)dyne s cm^(-5))was significantly lower than that in the non-meridian area(19.13±1.37,×10^(6)dyne s cm^(-5),P<0.01).After AB injection,the IFP of the LHRP was 2.52 mmHg,which was higher than that before AB injection.The AB tracks(ABT)along the CV,spleen meridian,and kidney meridian appeared in one or two directions,with single or multiple paths and uneven thickness and length.The appearance rate was 73.33%.Conclusions:LHRCMs existed not only in minipigs but also in rats.The LHRCMs could be observed after AB injection into the LHRP in the subcutaneous connective tissues of rats.

Adaptive Equivalent-input-disturbance Approach to Improving Disturbance-rejection Performance

This paper presents an adaptive equivalent-input-disturbance(AEID)approach that contains a new adjustable gain to improve disturbance-rejection performance.A linear matrix inequality is derived to design the parameters of a control system.An adaptive law for the adjustable gain is presented based on the combination of the root locus method and Lyapunov stability theory to guarantee the stability of the AEID-based system.The adjustable gain is limited in an allowable range and the information for adjusting is obtained from the state of the system.Simulation results show that the method is effective and robust.A comparison with the conventional EID approach demonstrates the validity and superiority of the method.