Satellite microwave instruments have different field of views(FOVs)in different channels.A direct average technique(“direct method”)is frequently used to generate gridded datasets in the earth science community.A la...Satellite microwave instruments have different field of views(FOVs)in different channels.A direct average technique(“direct method”)is frequently used to generate gridded datasets in the earth science community.A large FOV will measure radiance from outside the area of a designated grid cell.Thus,the direct method will lead to errors in a measurement over a grid cell because some pixels covering areas outside of the cell are involved in the averaging process.The Backus−Gilbert method(BG method)is proposed and demonstrated to minimize those uncertainties.Three sampling resolutions(6.5 km×6.0 km,11.5 km×6.0 km,13.0 km×6.0 km)are analyzed based on the scanning characteristics of the Global Precipitation Measurement(GPM)Microwave Imager(GMI)18.9-GHz channel.Brightness temperatures(TBs)at 0.5 km×0.5 km resolution over eastern China are used to obtain synthetic 18.9-GHz TBs at the three sampling resolutions.The direct and BG methods are both applied to create a 25 km×25 km gridded dataset and their related uncertainties are analyzed.Results indicate the error variances with the direct method are 3.00,3.68 and 4.99 K2 at the three sampling resolutions,respectively.By contrast,the BG method leads to a much smaller error variance than the direct method,especially over areas with a large TB gradient.Two GMI orbital measurements are applied to verify the BG method for gridding process is reliable.The BG method could be utilized for general purpose of creating a gridded dataset.展开更多
We report a distributed-Bragg-reflectors-based 4 × 40 GHz mode-locked laser diode(MLLD) array monolithically integrated with a multimode interference(MMI) combiner. The laser produces 2.98 ps pulses with a timeba...We report a distributed-Bragg-reflectors-based 4 × 40 GHz mode-locked laser diode(MLLD) array monolithically integrated with a multimode interference(MMI) combiner. The laser produces 2.98 ps pulses with a timebandwidth product of 0.39. The peak wavelength of the MLLD array can be tuned by 8.4 nm while maintaining a good mode-locked state. The four mode-locked channels could work simultaneously with the peak wavelength interval around 3 nm.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2018YFC1507200 and 2017YFC1501402)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(Grant No.2019QZKK0104)+1 种基金an NSFC Project(Grant Nos.91837310,41675041,and 41620104009)the Key Research and Development Projects in Anhui Province(Grant No.201904a07020099),and CLIMATE-TPE(ID 32070)under the framework of the ESA-MOST Dragon 4 program.
文摘Satellite microwave instruments have different field of views(FOVs)in different channels.A direct average technique(“direct method”)is frequently used to generate gridded datasets in the earth science community.A large FOV will measure radiance from outside the area of a designated grid cell.Thus,the direct method will lead to errors in a measurement over a grid cell because some pixels covering areas outside of the cell are involved in the averaging process.The Backus−Gilbert method(BG method)is proposed and demonstrated to minimize those uncertainties.Three sampling resolutions(6.5 km×6.0 km,11.5 km×6.0 km,13.0 km×6.0 km)are analyzed based on the scanning characteristics of the Global Precipitation Measurement(GPM)Microwave Imager(GMI)18.9-GHz channel.Brightness temperatures(TBs)at 0.5 km×0.5 km resolution over eastern China are used to obtain synthetic 18.9-GHz TBs at the three sampling resolutions.The direct and BG methods are both applied to create a 25 km×25 km gridded dataset and their related uncertainties are analyzed.Results indicate the error variances with the direct method are 3.00,3.68 and 4.99 K2 at the three sampling resolutions,respectively.By contrast,the BG method leads to a much smaller error variance than the direct method,especially over areas with a large TB gradient.Two GMI orbital measurements are applied to verify the BG method for gridding process is reliable.The BG method could be utilized for general purpose of creating a gridded dataset.
基金supported by the National Key Research & Development(R&D)Plan(No.2016YFB0402301)
文摘We report a distributed-Bragg-reflectors-based 4 × 40 GHz mode-locked laser diode(MLLD) array monolithically integrated with a multimode interference(MMI) combiner. The laser produces 2.98 ps pulses with a timebandwidth product of 0.39. The peak wavelength of the MLLD array can be tuned by 8.4 nm while maintaining a good mode-locked state. The four mode-locked channels could work simultaneously with the peak wavelength interval around 3 nm.
