Plant NDR1/HIN1-like(NHL)genes play an important role in triggering plant defenses in response to biotic stresses.In this study,we performed a genome-wide identification of the NHL genes in pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)a...Plant NDR1/HIN1-like(NHL)genes play an important role in triggering plant defenses in response to biotic stresses.In this study,we performed a genome-wide identification of the NHL genes in pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)and characterized the functional roles of these CaNHL genes in response to abiotic stresses and infection by different pathogens.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CaNHLs can be classified into five distinct subgroups,with each group containing generic and specific motifs.Regulatory element analysis showed that the majority of the promoter regions of the identified CaNHLs contain jasmonic acid(JA)-responsive and salicylic acid(SA)-responsive elements,and transcriptomic analysis revealed that CaNHL genes are expressed in all the examined tissues of pepper.The CaNHL1,CaNHL4,CaNHL6,CaNHL10,CaNHL11,and CaNHL12 genes were significantly upregulated under abiotic stress as well as in response to different pathogens,such as TMV,Phytophthora capsici and Pseudomonas syringae.In addition,we found that CaNHL4 localizes to the plasma membrane.CaNHL4-silenced pepper plants display significantly increased susceptibility to TMV,Phytophthora capsici and Pseudomonas syringae,exhibiting reduced expression of JA-related and SA-related genes and reduced ROS production.However,transient overexpression of CaNHL4 in pepper increases the expression of JArelated and SA-related genes,enhances the accumulation of ROS,and inhibits the infection of these three pathogens.Collectively,for the first time,we identified the NHL genes in pepper and demonstrated that CaNHL4 is involved in the production of ROS and that it also regulates the expression of JA-related and SA-related genes in response to different pathogens,suggesting that members of the CaNHL family play an essential role in the disease resistance of pepper.展开更多
On-resin peptide modification renders an easy-to-operate method that combines solid-phase peptide synthesis efficiency and avoids tedious purification procedures. Herein, we report the transition-metal-free and redox-...On-resin peptide modification renders an easy-to-operate method that combines solid-phase peptide synthesis efficiency and avoids tedious purification procedures. Herein, we report the transition-metal-free and redox-neutral approach for solid-phase Met diversification with substrate diversity, which could be applied to synthesize cyclic peptides of different sizes.展开更多
Phytophthora pathogens secrete a large arsenal of effectors that manipulate host processes to create an environment conducive to pathogen colonization. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Phytophthora effector...Phytophthora pathogens secrete a large arsenal of effectors that manipulate host processes to create an environment conducive to pathogen colonization. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Phytophthora effectors manipulate host plant cells still remain largely unclear. In this study, we report that PcAvr3a12, a Phytophthera capsici RXLR effector and a member of the Avr3a effector family, suppresses plant immunity by targeting and inhibiting host plant peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPlase). Overexpression of PcAvr3a 12 in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced plant susceptibility to P. capsici. FKBP15-2, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Iocalized protein, was identified as a host target of PcAvr3a12 during early P. capsici infection. Analyses of A. thaliana T-DNA insertion mutant (fkbp15-2), RNAi, and overexpression lines consistently showed that FKBP15-2 positively regulates plant immunity in response to Phytophthora infection. FKBP15-2 possesses PPlase activity essential for its contribution to immunity but is directly suppressed by PcAvr3a12. Interestingly, we found that FKBP15-2 is involved in ER stress sensing and is required for ER stress-mediated plant immunity. Taken together, these results suggest that P. capsici deploys an RXLR effector, PcAvr3a12, to facilitate infection by targeting and suppressing a novel ER-Iocalized PPlase, FKBP15-2, which is required for ER stress-mediated plant immunity.展开更多
基金supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(31670148,31870147)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(XDJK2020B064)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Projects of the Chongqing Company of China Tobacco Corporation(NY20180401070001,NY20180401070008,NY20180401070010)Southwest University’s Training Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates(Project No.X201910635133).
文摘Plant NDR1/HIN1-like(NHL)genes play an important role in triggering plant defenses in response to biotic stresses.In this study,we performed a genome-wide identification of the NHL genes in pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)and characterized the functional roles of these CaNHL genes in response to abiotic stresses and infection by different pathogens.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CaNHLs can be classified into five distinct subgroups,with each group containing generic and specific motifs.Regulatory element analysis showed that the majority of the promoter regions of the identified CaNHLs contain jasmonic acid(JA)-responsive and salicylic acid(SA)-responsive elements,and transcriptomic analysis revealed that CaNHL genes are expressed in all the examined tissues of pepper.The CaNHL1,CaNHL4,CaNHL6,CaNHL10,CaNHL11,and CaNHL12 genes were significantly upregulated under abiotic stress as well as in response to different pathogens,such as TMV,Phytophthora capsici and Pseudomonas syringae.In addition,we found that CaNHL4 localizes to the plasma membrane.CaNHL4-silenced pepper plants display significantly increased susceptibility to TMV,Phytophthora capsici and Pseudomonas syringae,exhibiting reduced expression of JA-related and SA-related genes and reduced ROS production.However,transient overexpression of CaNHL4 in pepper increases the expression of JArelated and SA-related genes,enhances the accumulation of ROS,and inhibits the infection of these three pathogens.Collectively,for the first time,we identified the NHL genes in pepper and demonstrated that CaNHL4 is involved in the production of ROS and that it also regulates the expression of JA-related and SA-related genes in response to different pathogens,suggesting that members of the CaNHL family play an essential role in the disease resistance of pepper.
基金financial supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22077144)Guangdong Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholar (No.2018B030306017)+1 种基金Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery (No. 2019B030301005)Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (No.2020B1111110003)。
文摘On-resin peptide modification renders an easy-to-operate method that combines solid-phase peptide synthesis efficiency and avoids tedious purification procedures. Herein, we report the transition-metal-free and redox-neutral approach for solid-phase Met diversification with substrate diversity, which could be applied to synthesize cyclic peptides of different sizes.
基金This work was supported by the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-09), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31125022 and 31561143007), and the Program of Introducing Talents of Innovative Discipline to Universities (Project 111) from the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs (#B18042).
文摘Phytophthora pathogens secrete a large arsenal of effectors that manipulate host processes to create an environment conducive to pathogen colonization. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Phytophthora effectors manipulate host plant cells still remain largely unclear. In this study, we report that PcAvr3a12, a Phytophthera capsici RXLR effector and a member of the Avr3a effector family, suppresses plant immunity by targeting and inhibiting host plant peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPlase). Overexpression of PcAvr3a 12 in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced plant susceptibility to P. capsici. FKBP15-2, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Iocalized protein, was identified as a host target of PcAvr3a12 during early P. capsici infection. Analyses of A. thaliana T-DNA insertion mutant (fkbp15-2), RNAi, and overexpression lines consistently showed that FKBP15-2 positively regulates plant immunity in response to Phytophthora infection. FKBP15-2 possesses PPlase activity essential for its contribution to immunity but is directly suppressed by PcAvr3a12. Interestingly, we found that FKBP15-2 is involved in ER stress sensing and is required for ER stress-mediated plant immunity. Taken together, these results suggest that P. capsici deploys an RXLR effector, PcAvr3a12, to facilitate infection by targeting and suppressing a novel ER-Iocalized PPlase, FKBP15-2, which is required for ER stress-mediated plant immunity.