The incidences and mortalities of major cancers in China, 2009

In 2012, the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR) of China collected cancer registration information for the year 2009 from local cancer registries and analyzed it to describe the incidences and mortalities of cancers in China. Based on the data quality criteria from NCCR, data from 104 registries covering 85,470,522 people (57,489,009 in urban areas and 27,981,513 in rural areas) were checked and evaluated. The data from 72 registries were qualified and accepted for the cancer registry annual report in 2012. The total cancer incident cases and cancer deaths were 244,366 and 154,310, respectively. The morphologically verified cases accounted for 67.23%, and 3.14% of the incident cases only had information from death certifications. The crude incidence in the Chinese cancer registration areas was 285.91/ 100,000 (317.97/100,000 in males and 253.09/100,000 in females). The age-standardized rates for incidences based on the Chinese standard population (ASRIC) and the world standard population (ASRIW) were 146.87/100,000 and 191.72/100,000, respectively, with a cumulative incidence of 22.08%. The cancer mortality in the Chinese cancer registration areas was 180.54/100,000 (224.20/100,000 in males and 135.85/100,000 in females). The age-standardized rates for mortalities based on the Chinese standard population (ASRMC) and the world standard population (ASRMW) were 85.06/100,000 and 115.65/100,000, respectively, and the cumulative mortality was 12.94% . Lung cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, encephaloma, lymphoma, female breast cancer, and cervical cancer were the most common cancers, accounting for 75% of all cancer cases. Lung cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, encephaloma, leukemia, and lymphoma accounted for 80% of all cancer deaths. The cancer registration's population coverage has been increasing, and its data quality is improving. As the basis of the cancer control program, the cancer registry plays an important role in directing anticancer strategies in the medium and long term. Because cancer burdens are different in urban and rural areas in China, prevention and control efforts should be based on practical situations.

Report of incidence and mortality in China cancer registries, 2009

Objective： The National Central Cancer Registry （NCCR） collected cancer registration data in 2009 from local cancer registries in 2012, and analyzed to describe cancer incidence and mortality in China. Methods： On basis of the criteria of data quality from NCCR, data submitted from 104 registries were checked and evaluated. There were 72 registries＇ data qualified and accepted for cancer registry annual report in 2012. Descriptive analysis included incidence and mortality stratified by area （urban/rural）, sex, age group and cancer site. The top 10 common cancers in different groups, proportion and cumulative rates were also calculated. Chinese population census in 1982 and Segi＇s population were used for age-standardized incidence/mortality rates. Results： All 72 cancer registries covered a total of 85,470,522 population （57,489,009 in urban and 27,981,513 in rural areas）. The total new cancer incident cases and cancer deaths were 244,366 and 154,310, respectively. The morphology verified cases accounted for 67.23%, and 3.14% of incident cases only had information from death certifications. The crude incidence rate in Chinese cancer registration areas was 285.91/100,000 （males 317.97/100,000, females 253.09/100,000）, age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population （ASIRC） and by world standard population （ASIRW） were 146.87/100,000 and 191.72/100,000 with the cumulative incidence rate （0-74 age years old） of 22.08%. The cancer incidence and ASIRC were 303.39/100,000 and 150.31/100,000 in urban areas whereas in rural areas, they were 249.98/100,000 and 139.68/100,000, respectively. The cancer mortality in Chinese cancer registration areas was 180.54/100,000 （224.20/100,000 in males and 135.85/100,000 in females）, age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population （ASMRC） and by world standard population （ASMRW） were 85.06/100,000 and 115.65/100,000, and the cumulative incidence rate （0-74 age years old） was 12.94%. The cancer mortality and ASMRC were 181.86/100,000 and 80.86/100,000 in urban areas, whereas in rural areas, they were 177.83/100,000 and 94.40/100,000 respectively. Lung cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreas cancer, encephaloma, lymphoma, female breast cancer and cervical cancer, were the most common cancers, accounting for 75% of all cancer cases in urban and rural areas. Lung cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, encephaloma, leukemia and lymphoma accounted for 80% of all cancer deaths. The cancer spectrum showed difference between urban and rural areas, males and females. The main cancers in rural areas were cancers of the stomach, followed by esophageal cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer and colorectal cancer, whereas the main cancer in urban areas was lung cancer, followed by liver cancer, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. Conclusions： The coverage of cancer registration population has been increasing and data quality is improving. As the basis of cancer control program, cancer registry plays an important role in making anti- cancer strategy in medium and long term. As cancer burdens are different between urban and rural areas in China, prevention and control should be implemented based on practical situation.

Study on The Likelihood Ratio Used to Evaluate the Muscle Tension of Upper Limb Spasm in Hemiplegia Patients

Aim:To evaluate the clinical usability of mechanomyography(MMG)in the evaluation of upper-limb spasticity states of hemiplegia patients with likelihood ratio analysis.Methods:The MMG signals from the 30 hemiplegia patients'biceps and triceps were recorded with three-dimensional wireless accelerometer(Trigno Wireless System,Delsys Inc),when they extended or bent their elbow passively.At the same time,the physiotherapist assessed the MAS(Modified Ashworth Scale)of all the patients who participated in the study and would be divided them into four groups based on the MAS values(MAS0,MAS1,MAS1+and MAS2).The MMG sensors were built with triaxial accelerometers named as X,Y and Z that represent the muscle fibers lengthwise movement,the cross movement and the vertical the muscle moving direction,respectively.The root mean square(RMS)value of the MMG signal was calculated for analysis.Likelihood ratio analysis were used in the study.Results:All of the variables of the X,Y,Z axis of signals of MMG of BB and TB have related with muscle spasticity grading during passive elbow flexion in multinomial logistic regression(P=0.000,P<0.001).The regression coefficient of Y axis signal of MMG of BB is the largest.The 5 variables of the X,Y,Z axis of signals of MMG of BB and X,Y axis of TB have related with Muscle spasticity grading during passive elbow extension in multinomial logistic regression(P=0.000,P<0.001).The regression coefficient ofY axis signal of MMG of BB is the largest in equation and the Y axis signal of MMG of TB is second large.Conclusions:The effect of agonist is more than the antagonist during the MAS assessment,especially the muscle fibers cross movement and the vertical movement by the MMG assessment.

Nerve function restoration following targeted muscle reinnervation after varying delayed periods

Targeted muscle reinnervation has been proposed for reconstruction of neuromuscular function in amputees.However,it is unknown whether performing delayed targeted muscle reinnervation after nerve injury will affect restoration of function.In this rat nerve injury study,the median and musculocutaneous nerves of the forelimb were transected.The proximal median nerve stump was sutured to the distal musculocutaneous nerve stump immediately and 2 and 4 weeks after surgery to reinnervate the biceps brachii.After targeted muscle reinnervation,intramuscular myoelectric signals from the biceps brachii were recorded.Signal amplitude gradually increased with time.Biceps brachii myoelectric signals and muscle fiber morphology and grooming behavior did not significantly differ among rats subjected to delayed target muscle innervation for different periods.Targeted muscle reinnervation delayed for 4 weeks can acquire the same nerve function restoration effect as that of immediate reinnervation.

Contrast of multi-resolution analysis approach to transhumeral phantom motion decoding

In signal processing,multiresolution decomposition techniques allow for the separation of an acquired signal into sub levels,where the optimal level within the signal minimises redundancy,uncertainties,and contains the information required for the characterisation of the sensed phenomena.In the area of physiological signal processing for prosthesis control,scenarios where a signal decomposition analysis are required:the wavelet decomposition(WD)has been seen to be the favoured time-frequency approach for the decomposition of non-stationary signals.From a research perspective,the WD in certain cases has allowed for a more accurate motion intent decoding process following feature extraction and classification.Despite this,there is yet to be a widespread adaptation of the WD in a practical setting due to perceived computational complexity.Here,for neuro-muscular(electromyography)and brainwave(electroencephalography)signals acquired from a transhumeral amputee,a computationally efficient time domain signal decom-position method based on a series of heuristics was applied to process the acquired signals before feature extraction.The results showed an improvement in motion intent decoding prowess for the proposed time-domain-based signal decomposition across four different classifiers for both the neuromuscular and brain wave signals when compared to the WD and the raw signal.

Feasibility of terahertz spectroscopy for hybrid purity verification of rice seeds

The purity of hybrid rice seeds reflects the typical consistency of seed varieties in characteristics.The accuracy and reliability of seed purity detecting are of great significance to ensure the quality of seeds.In this study,the feasibility of identifying the purity of hybrid rice seeds,Xinong 1A/89,by terahertz(THz)time-domain spectroscopy system combined with chemometrics was explored.Three quantitative identification models for testing the purity of Xinong 1A/89 hybrid rice seed were developed and compared by THz absorption spectroscopy with extreme learning algorithm(ELM),Principal cComponent Regression(PCR)and Partial Least Squares Regression(PLSR).Experimental results showed that comparing with classical PLSR and PCR models,ELM presents a better feasibility and stability.For the testing set,the quantitative prediction result of ELM(ELoo=2.005×10^(-5),R^(2)=96.75%)is significantly better than those of PCR(ELoo=7.346×10^(-5),R^(2)=88.10%)and PLSR(ELoo=8.007×10^(-5),R^(2)=87.03%).The results highlight the feasibility of THz spectroscopy combined with ELM as an efficient and reliable method for verification of hybrid rice seeds.

Identification, biogenesis, function, and mechanism of action of circular RNAs in plants

CircularRNAs(circRNAs)are a class of single-stranded,closedRNAmolecules with unique functions that are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotes.The biogenesis of circRNAs is regulated by specific cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors in humans and animals.circRNAs mainly exert their biological functions by acting as microRNA sponges,forming R-loops,interacting with RNA-binding proteins,or being translated into polypeptides or proteins in human and animal cells.Genome-wide identification of circRNAs has been performedin multiple plant species,and the results suggest that circRNAs are abundant and ubiquitously expressed in plants.There is emerging compelling evidence to suggest that circRNAs play essential roles during plant growthanddevelopment as well as inthe responses to bioticandabiotic stress.However,compared with recent advances in human and animal systems,the roles of most circRNAs in plants are unclear at present.Here we review the identification,biogenesis,function,and mechanism of action of plant circRNAs,which will provide a fundamental understanding of the characteristics and complexity of circRNAs in plants.

Comparative Analysis of JmjC Domain-containing Proteins Reveals the Potential Histone Demethylases in Arabidopsis and Rice

Histone methylation homeostasis is achieved by controlling the balance between methylation and demethylation to maintain chromatin function and developmental regulation. In animals, a conserved Jumonji C （JmjC） domain was found in a large group of histone demethylases. However, it is still unclear whether plants also contain the JmjC domain- containing active histone demethylases. Here we performed genome-wide screen and phylogenetic analysis of JmjC domain-containing proteins in the dicot plant, Arabidopsis, and monocot plant rice, and found 21 and 20 JmjC domain-containing, respectively. We also examined the expression of JmjC domain-containing proteins and compared them to human JmjC counterparts for potential enzymatic activity. The spatial expression patterns of the Arabidopsis JmjC domain-containing genes revealed that they are all actively transcribed genes. These active plant JmjC domain-containing genes could possibly function in epigenetic regulation to antagonize the activity of the large number of putative SET domain-containing histone methyltransferase activity to dynamically regulate histone methylation homeostasis.

Radon transform-based motion blurred silkworm pupa image restoration

As for machine vision-based intelligent system in the application of discriminating and sorting the sex of silkworm pupae,the tail gonad was the unique physiological feature.However,motion blur,resulting from the live silkworm pupa’s writhing motion at the moment of capturing image,could lose textures and structures(such as edge and tail gonad etc.)dramatically,which casted great challenges for sex identification.To increase the image quality and relieve the difficulty of discrimination caused by motion blur,an effective approach that including three stages was proposed in this work.In the image prediction stage,first sharp edges were acquired by using filtering techniques.Then the initial blur kernel was computed with Gaussian prior.The coarse version latent image was deconvoluted in the Fourier domain.In the kernel refinement stage,the Radon transform was applied to estimate the accurate kernel.In the final restoration step,a TV-L1 deconvolution model was carried out to obtain a better result.The experimental results showed that benefiting from the prediction step and kernel refinement step,the kernel was more accurate and the recovered image contained much more textures.It revealed that the proposed method was useful in removing the motion blur.Furthermore,the method could also be applied to other fields.

Phantom motion intent decoding for transhumeral prosthesis control with fused neuromuscular and brain wave signals

In recent years,the electroencephalography(EEG)brain-computer interface(BCI)has been researched in the area of upper-limb prosthesis control due to the promise of being able to record neurological signals which follow activation patterns in the cortex directly from the brain with non-invasive electrodes.This is seen as a way of bypassing the limitation posed by acquiring neuromuscular signals predominantly with electromyography(EMG)directly from the stump,which possesses residual limb anatomy post-amputation.In this study,the sequential forward selection algorithm to form a 10-optimal-channel representation,alongside an extended signal feature vector was applied,to investigate the motion intent decoding performance of EMG-only,EEG-only,and a fused EMG-EEG sensing configuration for four transhumeral amputees with varying stump lengths.The results showed a considerable improvement for the EMG-only configuration with the advanced feature vector,but only a small increase for the EEG-only,and thus a marginal improvement when information from both signals was fused together.This is likely due to the EEG requiring a greater number of channels spread across the skull to provide a reliable intent decoding.Further work will now involve optimisation studies to find a greater representation of electrode representation and parsimony,to minimise the number of channels while boosting motion intent decoding accuracy.

Highly Stretchable and Permeable Conductors Based on Shrinkable Electrospun Fiber Mats

Wearable on-skin electrodes or conductors should be vapor permeable,strain-insensitive,isotropically stretchable and stable under cyclic stretching.Various strategies have been proposed to prepare the required conductors up to now;however,it is a challenge to fabricate them with above properties in a simple manner.In this paper,a highly permeable and stretchable conductor based on electrospun fluorine rubber fiber mat is reported.The fibers are pre-stretched in electric field during electrospinning,and they shrink isotropically by~35-40%in area after being detached from the substrate.The obtained fiber mat conductor demonstrates high stretchability up to~170%,and the resistance changes only 0.8 under 60%strain,which is superior to many other strain-insensitive conductors.The conductor possesses high stability,no cracks or structure damage are observed after washing and cyclic stretching.Moreover,the conductor is vapor permeable with a water vapor transmission rate of~850 g m−2 day−1,which is comparable to the normal water evaporation in ambient conditions,indicating that it would not disturb the sweat evaporation when being used on skin.The conductor is successfully used as stretchable yarns and electromyography(EMG)electrodes,showing high reliability in E-textiles and on-skin applications.

利用可拉伸微脑皮层电极定位癫痫病灶并评估电刺激对大鼠癫痫发作的影响

癫痫是一种慢性神经系统疾病,其发病率在全球范围内不断上升,但由于缺乏有效的工具来监测和调节相关的脑神经活动,癫痫病灶的准确定位和相应的治疗仍然具有挑战性.在这项工作中,我们开发了可拉伸微脑皮层(mECoG)电极,并用于研究青霉素诱导的大鼠癫痫发作.该电极具有良好的延展性、共形性、抗干扰能力和高分辨率,能够成功地监测脑电信号,并优于传统的刚性聚酰亚胺电极.通过检测和分析特征性癫痫棘波,我们研究了癫痫发作期间的癫痫灶和电刺激效应.研究发现,棘波首先出现在视皮层,很可能是癫痫的病灶.癫痫发作后棘波频率迅速增加至1.07 Hz,达到平台并保持稳定.没有一个大脑半球可以显示癫痫发作的早期预警.青霉素诱导后,我们施加了不同时长的电刺激.研究发现,15分钟的电刺激对癫痫发作的抑制效果最好.本研究开发的mECoG电极在可拉伸生物医学器件中具有应用前景.

Function-oriented optimization design method for underactuated tendon-driven humanoid prosthetic hand

The loss of hand functions in upper limb amputees severely restricts their mobility in daily life.Wearing a humanoid prosthetic hand would be an effective way of restoring lost hand functions.In a prosthetic hand design,replicating the natural and dexterous grasping functions with a few actuators remains a big challenge.In this study,a function-oriented optimization design(FOD)method is proposed for the design of a tendon-driven humanoid prosthetic hand.An optimization function of different functional conditions of full-phalanx contact,total contact force,and force isotropy was constructed based on the kinetostatic model of a prosthetic finger for the evaluation of grasping performance.Using a genetic algorithm,the optimal geometric parameters of the prosthetic finger could be determined for specific functional requirements.Optimal results reveal that the structure of the prosthetic finger is significantly different when designed for different functional requirements and grasping target sizes.A prosthetic finger was fabricated and tested with grasping experiments.The mean absolute percentage error between the theoretical value and the experimental result is less than 10%,demonstrating that the kinetostatic model of the prosthetic finger is effective and makes the FOD method possible.This study suggests that the FOD method enables the systematic evaluation of grasping performance for prosthetic hands in the design stage,which could improve the design efficiency and help prosthetic hands meet the design requirements.

Strenuous exercise-tolerance stretchable dry electrodes for continuous multi-channel electrophysiological monitoring

Electrophysiological monitoring under strenuous exercise by using stretchable dry electrodes is vital for healthcare monitoring,prosthetic control,human−machine interfaces and other biomedical applications.However,the existing dry electrodes are not applicable to the strenuous exercise situation that always involves both fast moving and profuse sweating.Herein,we present a nano-thick porous stretchable dry electrode system with high stretchability and water permeability.The system attaches conformably to the skin and stretches with it under Van der Waals forces even at sweating conditions,allowing the detection of electromyogram when moving with an acceleration of 10 g at a sweating rate of 2.8 mg cm^(−2) min^(−1).It is also capable of acquiring electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram signals.The strategy proposed would enable the biomedical studies and related applications with the requirement of stably recording electrophysiological signals under strenuous exercise scenarios.

A study on preterm birth predictions using physiological signals,medical health record information and low-dimensional embedding methods

Preterm births have been seen to have psychological and financial implications;current surveys suggest that amongst the various methods of preterm prediction,there is yet to exist a reliable and standard means of predicting preterm births.This study investigates the application of electrohysterogram and tocogram signals acquired at various points during the third pregnancy trimester,alongside information from the patients'medical health record regarding the pregnancy,towards preterm prediction and an associated delivery imminency timeline.In addition to this,the impact of both linear and non-linear dimensional embedding methods towards the preterm prediction is explored.The classification exercises were carried out using a support vector machine and decision tree,both of which have a certain degree of model interpretability and have potential to be introduced into a clinical operating framework.