Comparative chemical characters of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen from geographical origins of China

Background:Ziziphi Spinosae Semen(ZSS)contains a wide range of active components.Because existingmethods cannot fully evaluate these components,a new quantitative method needs to be established for component characterization.Objective:Ziziphi Spinosae Semen has gained increasing attention in recent years,primarily as a medicinal and edible plant.The content determination of ZSS is not specified in the Chinese Pharmacopeia(2020 edition).Environmental conditions in different production areas can influence the quality of ZSS.This study aims to identify ZSS collected from various geographical origins in China.Materials and methods:High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)fingerprints were established using optimized HPLCphoto-diode array methods.Subsequently,similarity analysis and quantification of ZSS from different sources were conducted.Metabolites of ZSS were identified and evaluated using the UHPLC-Q Exactive HF Orbitrap MS system.Principal component analysis,hierarchical cluster analysis,and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were performed based on all peak areas.Results:In this study,the components of ZSS against insomnia were screened through network pharmacology.As revealed by the results of protein-protein interaction network analysis,Gene Ontology analysis,and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis,14 core components,10 core targets,and 25 pathways were identified.Thirty-four batches of ZSS fingerprints were established through the HPLC method,which identified 12 characteristic peaks,with 6 being qualitatively identified.An identification method for assessing differences in the chemical composition of ZSS from different origins was developed by using UHPLC-Q Exactive HF Orbitrap MS.Differential markers from various origins were screened and identified.Through multiple analyses such as principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,it was concluded that there were differences in ZSS metabolites from Hebei,Shandong,and Shaanxi provinces.Seventeen differential metabolites of different origins were identified.Conclusions:This study confirmed that ZSS played a synergistic role in improving insomnia throughmultiple components,targets,and pathways.The content of all 5 components was high,except for jujuboside B.In addition,6 compounds in ZSS extracts from different origins differed in content,indicating that different growth environments might impact the quality of ZSS.