Co-pyrolysis of soybean soapstock with iron slag/aluminum scrap,and characterization and analysis of their products

Soybean soapstock(SS) is one of the main solid wastes produced in the refinery of edible oil processing. In this study, the co-pyrolysis of SS with iron slag(IS) and aluminum scrap(AS) was carried out in a tubular furnace. The gas, liquid and solid products were characterized and the char yield decreased with increasing IS/AS ratio. IS and AS can improve the gas yield, and when the ratio of SS/IS was 1:0.25, the total pyrolysis gas and hydrogen contents were significantly increased. The content of oxygen compounds in pyrolysis oil decreased during co-pyrolysis, while AS promoted the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pyrolysis oil. The co-pyrolysis reaction can be divided into four stages, the mass loss rate reaches the maximum at the third stage(390–575 ℃). The molar ratio of H/C was lower for pyrolysis,indicating good stability of pyrolysis char owing to the high degree of carbonization and aromaticity.The possible co-pyrolysis reaction mechanism was explored.

Characterization and evaluation of rice blast resistance of Chinese indica hybrid rice parental lines

The development of resistant varieties and hybrid combinations has been the most effective and economical strategy to control blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae.However, the distribution of major R genes and blast resistance characterization in hybrid rice parents has not been well investigated, resulting in their limited use in hybrid rice blast-resistance breeding. In the present study, 88 elite indica hybrid rice parental lines were evaluated with 30 isolates of M. oryzae collected from the main planting area of indica hybrid rice in China and were characterized for the presence of 11 major resistance genes using molecular markers. The pathogenicity assays showed that four types of hybrid rice parent line showed some resistance to M. oryzae. However, the proportions of highly resistant lines and the mean resistance frequency(RF) varied among the four types, with resistance in decreasing order shown by three-line restorer lines, three-line maintainer lines, two-line sterile lines, and two-line restorer lines. All 88 hybrid rice parental lines carried more than one R gene, but none carried the R genes Pi1 and Pi2. Although Pid3 and Pi9 were present only in three-line restorer lines and Pigm only in three-line maintainer lines, the remaining six R genes(Pib, Pid2, Pi5, Pia, Pi54, and Pita) were present in the four types of hybrid rice parent with significantly different distribution frequencies. The correlation between R genes and resistance reactions was investigated. The results are expected to provide useful information for rational utilization of major R genes in hybrid rice breeding programs.

一例犬乳腺肿瘤病的诊疗报告

近年来根据动物医院就诊病例调查犬乳腺肿瘤病例占全部肿瘤病例的30%左右,仍属于较高发的严重威胁犬生活质量甚至生命的一大疾病。本文介绍了一例具体病例,该病例经临床症状、细胞学检查等方法来进行诊断,通过手术摘除肿瘤的方法进行治疗,使病犬康复出院。随后取肿瘤组织做病理切片,分析病理变化,并对犬乳腺肿瘤的治疗方法进行了讨论。

Enhanced direct gaseous CO_(2) fixation into higher bio-succinic acid production and selectivity

Utilizing CO_(2)for bio-succinic acid production is an attractive approach to achieve carbon capture and recycling(CCR)with simultaneous production of a useful platform chemical.Actinobacillus succinogenes and Basfia succiniciproducens were selected and investigated as microbial catalysts.Firstly,the type and concentration of inorganic carbon concentration and glucose concentration were evaluated.6 g C/L MgCO_(3)and 24 g C/L glucose were found to be the optimal basic operational conditions,with succinic acid production and carbon yield of over 30 g/L and over 40%,respectively.Then,for maximum gaseous CO_(2)fixation,carbonate was replaced with CO_(2)at different ratios.The“less carbonate more CO_(2)”condition of the inorganic carbon source was set as carbonate:CO_(2)=1:9(based on the mass of carbon).This condition presented the highest availability of CO_(2)by well-balanced chemical reaction equilibrium and phase equilibrium,showing the best performance with regarding CO_(2)fixation(about 15 mg C/(L·hr)),with suppressed lactic acid accumulation.According to key enzymes analysis,the ratio of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase to lactic dehydrogenase was enhanced at high ratios of gaseous CO_(2),which could promote glucose conversion through the succinic acid path.To further increase gaseous CO_(2)fixation and succinic acid production and selectivity,stepwise CO_(2)addition was evaluated.50%-65%increase in inorganic carbon utilization was obtained coupled with 20%-30%increase in succinic acid selectivity.This was due to the promotion of the succinic acid branch of the glucose metabolism,while suppressing the pyruvate branch,along with the inhibition on the conversion from glucose to lactic acid.

Pijx confers broad-spectrum seedling and panicle blast resistance by promoting the degradation of ATP b subunit and OsRbohC-mediated ROS burst in rice

(Molecular Plant 16,1832-1846,November 62023)The originally published version of this manuscript contained several small mistakes in the labels and legends of main and supplemental figures,along with a few small mistakes in the main text,that have now been corrected.Specifically,in Figure 6G,the label“NILGY31^(Pijx)”has been corrected to“NIL^(Pijx)”,and in the legend of Figure 6H,“PPL^(Pijx Piz-t)”and“PPL^(Pijx Pigm)”have been corrected to“NIL^(Piz-t Pijx)”and“PPL^(Pigm Pijx).”In Figure S8A。

Pijx confers broad-spectrum seedling and panicle blast resistance by promoting the degradation of ATP β subunit and OsRbohC-mediated ROS burst in rice

Rice blast,caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae,is one of the most important diseases of rice.Utilization of blast-resistance genes is the most economical,effective,and environmentally friendly way to control the disease.However,genetic resources with broad-spectrum resistance(BSR)that is effective throughout the rice growth period are rare.In this work,using a genome-wide association study,we identify a new blast-resistance gene,Pijx,which encodes a typical CC-NBS-LRR protein.Pijx is derived from a wild rice species and confers BSR to M.oryzae at both the seedling and panicle stages.The functions of the resistant haplotypes of Pijx are confirmed by gene knockout and overexpression experiments.Mechanistically,the LRR domain in Pijx interacts with and promotes the degradation of the ATP synthase β subunit(ATPb)via the 26S proteasome pathway.ATPb acts as a negative regulator of Pijx-mediated panicle blast resistance,and interacts with OsRbohC to promote its degradation.Consistently,loss of ATPb function causes an increase in NAPDH content and ROS burst.Remarkably,when Pijx is introgressed into two japonica rice varieties,the introgression lines show BSR and increased yields that are approximately 51.59%and 79.31%higher compared with those of their parents in a natural blast disease nursery.In addition,we generate PPL^(Pijx Pigm) and PPL^(Pijx Piz-t) pyramided lines and these lines also have higher BSR to panicle blast compared with Pigm-or Piz-t-containing rice plants.Collectively,this study demonstrates that Pijx not only confers BSR to M.oryzae but also maintains high and stable rice yield,providing new genetic resources and molecular targets for breeding rice varieties with broad-spectrum blast resistance.

Field assessment of straw pellet combustion in improved heating stoves in rural Northeast China

Straw pellets are widely promoted and expected to be a cleaner alternative fuel to unprocessed crop residues and rawcoal in rural China.However,the effectiveness of these dissemination programs is not well evaluated.In this field study,emission characteristics of burning strawpellets,rawcoal,and unprocessed corn cobs in heating stoveswere investigated in a pilot village in Northeast China.Emission measurements covering the whole combustion cycle(ignition,flaming,and smoldering phases)shows the promotion of improved heating stoves and straw pellets could reduce pollutant emissions(e.g.,SO_(2) and CO),but increase NO_(X) and PM_(2.5) emissions compared to the initial stove-fuel use pattern in the studied area.There is a significant variance in emission characteristics between different combustion phases.The normalized emission concentrations of the different stove-fuel combinations were higher than the limits in the Chinese national standard for heating stoves,indicating that the standard is not met for real-world emissions.Coal consumption was lower than official data.Household surveys were conducted to identify the barriers to fuel and stove access associated with existing promotion strategies,management,and policies.The pilot program was of the typical“subsidy-and-policy-dependence”pattern and was unlikely to be implemented on a large scale.Technological innovation,operational optimization,and proper policies considering the local socioeconomic factors are needed to sustain the promotion of biomass straw pellets and stoves.

Corrigendum to“Nucleolin interacts with the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus replicase RdRp,nonstructural proteins p16 and p23,playing a role in virus replication”<[Virologica Sinica 37(2022)48-59]>

Due to our negligence,the original version of this article,published online on 12 January 2022,contained a mistake in Fig.4A.The lane ofβ-actin in Western blotting was misused.The correct Fig.4 is given below.We apologize for our oversight when preparing the figure and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.

N-methyl-2-pyrrolidonium-based Br?nsted-Lewis acidic ionic liquids as catalysts for the hydrolysis of cellulose

We experimentally studied the catalytic performances of a series of Br?nsted-Lewis acidic N-methyl-2-pyrrolidonium metal chlorides([Hnmp]Cl/MCl_x, where M=Fe, Zn, Al, or Cu) for the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose(MCC) and cotton to produce reducing sugar. A variety of factors, such as temperature, time, ionic liquid(IL) species, IL dosage, and the concentration of the metal chloride were investigated. [Hnmp]Cl/FeCl_3 presented the best hydrolysis performance, affording a 98.8% yield of total reducing sugar from MCC(1 h, 100 °C, 0.1 g MCC, 0.2 g acidic IL, 2.0 g [Bmim]Cl as solvent), which is better than or comparable to results previously obtained with other –SO_3H functionalized acidic ILs. The hydrolysis performances of [Hnmp]Cl/MClx were rationalized using density functional theory calculations, which indicated that interactions between the metal chlorides and the cellulose, including charge-transfer interactions are important in the hydrolysis of cellulose and degradation of glucose. This work shows that Br?nsted-Lewis acidic ILs are potential catalysts for the hydrolysis of cellulose to produce sugar.

Preparation and application of a phosphorous free and non- nitrogen scale inhibitor in industrial cooling water systems

A novel environmentally friendly type of calcium carbonate, zinc （Ⅱ） and iron （Ⅲ） scale inhibitor Acrylic acidallylpolyethoxy carboxylate copolymer （AA- APEL） was synthesized. The anti-scale property of the AA-APEL toward CaCO3, zinc （Ⅱ） and iron （Ⅲ） in the artificial cooling water was studied through static scale inhibition tests. The observation shows that both calcium carbonate, zinc （Ⅱ） and iron （Ⅲ） inhibition increase with increasing the dosage of AA-APEL. The effect on formation of CaCO3 was investigated with combination of scanning electronic microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, X-ray powder diffraction （XRD） analysis and fourier transform infrared spectrometer, respectively. The results showed that the AA-APEL copolymer not only influenced calcium carbonate crystal morphology and crystal size but also the crystallinity. The crystallization of CaCO3 in the absence of inhibitor was rhombohedral calcite crystal, whereas a mixture of calcite with vaterite crystals was found in the presence of the AA- APEL copolymer. Inhibition mechanism is proposed that the interactions between calcium or iron ions and polyethylene glycol （PEG） are the fundamental impetus to restrain the formation of the scale in cooling water systems.

The outbreak of rabbit hemorrhagic virus type 2 in the interior of China may be related to imported semen

Dear Editor,Rabbit hemorrhagic disease(RHD)is a fatal infectious disease that primarily affects adult rabbits and causes great economic losses in the rabbit industry(Mitro and Krauss,1993).The causative pathogen is rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus(RHDV),which belongs to the genus Lagovirus and the family Calicivirus(Moussa et al.,1992).In 1984,RHDV was first documented in China.

Development of an MCA-Based Real Time RT-qPCR Assay for the Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of Duck Hepatitis A Virus Types 1 and 3

Dear Editor,Duck virus hepatitis(DVH)is a significant concern in the duck industry as the disease causes a highly contagious infection in young ducklings that is often associated with liver necrosis,hemorrhage,and high mortality(Yugo et al.2016).Duck hepatitis virus(DHV)was first described in1949 on Long Island in the United States.Subsequent,outbreaks have been reported in England,Canada,Germany,Japan and elsewhere(Toth 1969).

Air pollution and inhalation exposure to particulate matter of different sizes in rural households using improved stoves in central China

Household air pollution is considered to be among the top environmental risks in China.To examine the performance of improved stoves for reduction of indoor particulate matter（PM） emission and exposure in rural households, individual inhalation exposure to size-resolved PM was investigated using personal portable samplers carried by residents using wood gasifier stoves or improved coal stoves in a rural county in Central China.Concentrations of PM with different sizes in stationary indoor and outdoor air were also monitored at paired sites. The stationary concentrations of size-resolved PM in indoor air were greater than those in outdoor air, especially finer particles PM0.25. The daily averaged exposure concentrations of PM0.25, PM1.0, PM2.5 and total suspended particle for all the surveyed residents were 74.4 ± 41.1, 159.3 ± 74.3, 176.7 ± 78.1 and 217.9 ± 78.1 μg/m3,respectively. Even using the improved stoves, the individual exposure to indoor PM far exceeded the air quality guideline by WHO at 25 μg/m3. Submicron particles PM1.0 were the dominant PM fraction for personal exposure and indoor and outdoor air. Personal exposure exhibited a closer correlation with indoor PM concentrations than that for outdoor concentrations. Both inhalation exposure and indoor air PM concentrations in the rural households with gasifier firewood stoves were evidently lower than the reported results using traditional firewood stoves. However, local governments in the studied rural areas should exercise caution when widely and hastily promoting gasifier firewood stoves in place of improved coal stoves, due to the higher PM levels in indoor and outdoor air and personal inhaled exposure.

Prediction of methane production performances based on determination of organic components for different vegetable wastes

The rapid development of the economy has led to rapid consumption of fossil fuels,which results in extremely serious environmental problems.Biomass energy has been accepted as a way to reduce the usage of fossil fuels due to its cleanliness and renewability.In this study,vegetable wastes(VWs),an abundant kind of biomass resource,were treated by anaerobic digestion(AD)to be converted into methane.The total solids(TS),volatile solids(VS),elemental contents,and organic components of 17 kinds of typical VWs were systematically determined.The methane production performances were then measured and ranged from 120.1 mL/g VS(for pepper stem)to 377.7 mL/g VS(for bok choy).To easily and quickly predict the methane yields of VWs,a curvilinear relationship between different organic compositions(e.g.,cellulose,hemicellulose,lignin,non-structural carbohydrate,protein,and VFA contents)and methane production was established and proved to be a useful tool for methane prediction.Four kinetic models(first-order model,Fitzhugh model,Cone model,modified Gompertz model)were applied to simulate the process of AD,and Cone and modified Gompertz models were shown to describe the AD process well.This study will not only provide basic data about the characteristics and methane production of 17 kinds of VWs but also contribute a method for predicting the methane yields of vegetable wastes,which is also valuable in future agro-industrial applications.

Nucleolin interacts with the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus replicase RdRp, nonstructural proteins p16 and p23, playing a role in virus replication

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus(RHDV)is a member of the Caliciviridae family and cannot be propagated in vitro,which has impeded the progress of investigating its replication mechanism.Construction of an RHDV replicon system has recently provided a platform for exploring RHDV replication in host cells.Here,aided by this replicon system and using two-step affinity purification,we purified the RHDV replicase and identified its associated host factors.We identified rabbit nucleolin(NCL)as a physical link,which mediating the interaction between other RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(Rd Rp)-related host proteins and the viral replicase Rd Rp.We found that the overexpression or knockdown of NCL significantly increased or severely impaired RHDV replication in RK-13 cells,respectively.NCL was identified to directly interact with RHDV Rd Rp,p16,and p23.Furthermore,NCL knockdown severely impaired the binding of Rd Rp to Rd Rp-related host factors.Collectively,these results indicate that the host protein NCL is essential for RHDV replication and acts as a physical link between viral replicase and host proteins.