Application of Detrital Apatite U-Pb Geochronology and Trace Elements for Provenance Analysis,Insights from a Study on the Yarlung River Sand

Detrital U-bearing minerals(e.g.,zircon,apatite)U-Pb ages with specific trace-element geochemistry,are frequently used in provenance analyses.In this study,we focus on the Yarlung River drainage in South Tibet,characterized by two distinct lithologic units:The Gangdese batholith to the north(mainly granitoids)and the Tethyan Himalaya(mainly sedimentary rocks)to the south,which plays a crucial role in the erosion of the Tibetan Plateau.To constrain the provenance of the Yarlung River Basin,we performed trace-element and U-Pb age analyses of detrital apatite from the river sands of the Yarlung River and its tributaries.Our findings indicate that the detrital apatite U-Pb age patterns of the north tributaries exhibit main peaks at approximately 40 and 60 Ma,consistent with the corresponding U-Pb age patterns of detrital zircon published.Further,their trace element casts fall mainly in the Type I granite region,also indicating the Gangdese arc-dominated source.However,those of the south tributaries(∼60–20 Ma)exhibit a different age distribution from the detrital zircon U-Pb groups(∼110–150,∼500,and 1100 Ma),suggesting that the detailed apatite U-Pb signals can provide excellent constraints on the provenance of igneous and metamorphic rock sources but less so for sedimentary rock sources.Combined with previous detrital zircon data in the study area,our detrital apatite information can highlight young metamorphic events from a complex background(i.e.,Niyang and Nianchu rivers),which offers additional constraints on the provenance of the Yarlung River Basin.Generally,a combination of geochemistry and geochronology of multi-detrital heavy minerals,such as zircon and apatite,can provide powerful tools for provenance analysis.

Genome resources for the elite bread wheat cultivar Aikang 58 and mining of elite homeologous haplotypes for accelerating wheat improvement

Despite recent progress in crop genomics studies,the genomic changes brought about by modern breeding selection are still poorly understood,thus hampering genomics-assisted breeding,especially in polyploid crops with compound genomes such as common wheat(Triticum aestivum).In this work,we constructed genome resources for the modern elite common wheat variety Aikang 58(AK58).Comparative genomics between AK58 and the landrace cultivar Chinese Spring(CS)shed light on genomic changes that occurred through recent varietal improvement.We also explored subgenome diploidization and divergence in common wheat and developed a homoeologous locus-based genome-wide association study(HGWAS)approach,which was more effective than single homoeolog-based GWAS in unraveling agronomic trait-associated loci.A total of 123 major HGWAs loci were detected using a genetic population derived from AK58 and cs.Elite homoeologous haplotypes(HHs),formed by combinations of subgenomic homoeologs of the associated loci,were found in both parents and progeny,and many could substantially improve wheat yield and related traits.We built a website where users can download genome assembly sequence and annotation data for AK58,perform blast analysis,and run JBrowse.Our work enriches genome resources for wheat,provides new insights into genomic changes during modern wheat improve-.ment,and suggests that efficientmining of elite HHs can make a substantial contribuutionto genomics-assisted breeding in common wheat and other polyploid crops.

Rapid Analysis of Soil Copper Content for the Pearl River Delta Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with SG-PLS

Using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with an optimal method for Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothing and partial least squares (PLS) regression, a rapid analysis method was established for copper content in the beach reclamation soil samples from Pearl River Delta in China. A framework with calibration, prediction and validation was established by considering randomness and stability. The parameters were optimized according to the comprehensive index (SEP+) to produce modeling stability. The validation results show that, based on the SG-PLS model in long-NIR region (1100 - 2498 nm) with first-order derivative, fifth degree polynomial, seven smoothing points and six PLS factors, the corresponding root mean square error (SEP), correlation coefficient of prediction (RP) and average relative error (ARE) were 0.31 mg·kg-1, 0.924 and 4.5%, respectively. The result indicates high prediction accuracy. The relevant parameter selection can also provide a reference for designing small and dedicated spectrometer.

Study on Compositions of Grain Starch and SGP-1 Protein in Black Grain Wheat

In view of the lack of wheat genetic resources with high amylose and high resistant starch contents in the present world,the grain starch components and SGP-1 (SGP-A1,SGP-B1 and SGP-D1) protein composition of 43 black-kernel wheat genetic resources such as Jizi 439 were identified by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis detection.The results showed that 11 materials were lack of SGP-A1,and no materials had SGP-B1 and SGP-D1 deletion.Seven materials were identified to have an amylose content more than 30% of the total starch.A total of 12 materials were selected for the determination of resistant starch content,and five materials were found to have a high resistant starch content.The above results lay a foundation for wheat breeding for high resistant starch content.

Chiglitazar monotherapy with sitagliptin as an active comparator in patients with type 2 diabetes:a randomized,double-blind,phase 3 trial(CMAS)

Chiglitazar(Carfloglitazar)is a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR)pan-agonist that has shown promising effects on glycemic control and lipid regulation in patients with type 2 diabetes.In this randomized phase 3 trial,we compared the efficacy and safety of chiglitazar with sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes who had insufficient glycemic control despite a strict diet and exercise regimen.Eligible patients were randomized(1:1:1)to receive chiglitazar 32 mg(n=245),chiglitazar 48 mg(n=246),or sitagliptin 100 mg(n=248)once daily for 24 weeks.The primary endpoint was the change in glycosylated hemoglobin A_(1C)(HbA_(1c))from baseline at week 24 with the non-inferiority of chiglitazar over sitagliptin.Both chiglitazar and sitagliptin significantly reduced HbA1c at week 24 with values of-1.40%,-1.47%,and-1.39%for chiglitazar 32 mg,chiglitazar 48 mg,and sitagliptin 100 mg,respectively.Chiglitazar 32 and 48 mg were both non-inferior to sitagliptin 100 mg,with mean differences of-0.04%(95%confidential interval(Cl)-0.22 to 0.15)and-0.08%(95%Cl-0.27 to 0.10),respectively.Compared with sitagliptin,greater reduction in fasting and 2-h postprandial plasma glucose and fasting insulin was observed with chiglitazar.Overall adverse event rates were similar between the groups.A small increase in mild edema in the chiglitazar 48 mg group and slight weight gain in both chiglitazar groups were reported.The overall results demonstrated that chiglitazar possesses good efficacy and safety profile in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with lifestyle interventions,thereby providing adequate supporting evidence for using this PPAR pan-agonist as a treatment option for type 2 diabetes.

IMPLICITIZATION OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL RATIONAL PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS

In this paper, we propose algorithms for the following problems in the implicitization of a set of partial differential rational parametric equations P. （1）To find a characteristic set for the implicit prime ideal of P; （2） To find a canonical representation for the image of P; （3）To decide whether the parameters of P are independent, and if not, to re-parameterize P so that the new parametric equations have independent parameters; （4） To compute the inversion maps of P, and as a consequence, to decide whether P is proper.

Origination and Establishment of a Trigenic Reproductive Isolation System in Rice

Dear Editor,Reproductive isolation is both the indicator and a primary force of speciation, and plays a key role in maintaining species identity. Understanding the origin and mechanisms of reproductive isola- tion is of fundamental importance in evolutionary biology. In recent years, a number of genes that induce reproductive barriers have been identified in several model organisms such as Drosophila, rodents, yeast, Arabidopsis.

Deoxynivalenol accumulation and detoxification in cereals and its potential role in wheat-Fusarium graminearum interactions

Deoxynivalenol(DON)is a prominent mycotoxin showing significant accumulation in cereal plants during infection by the phytopathogen Fusarium graminearum.It is a virulence factor that is important in the spread of F.graminearum within cereal heads,and it causes serious yield losses and significant contamination of cereal grains.In recent decades,genetic and genomic studies have facilitated the characterization of the molecular pathways of DON biosynthesis in F.graminearum and the environmental factors that influence DON accumulation.In addition,diverse scab resistance traits related to the repression of DON accumulation in plants have been identified,and experimental studies of wheat–pathogen interactions have contributed to understanding detoxification mechanisms in host plants.The present review illustrates and summarizes the molecular networks of DON mycotoxin production in F.graminearum and the methods of DON detoxification in plants based on the current literature,which provides molecular targets for crop improvement programs.This review also comprehensively discusses recent advances and challenges related to genetic engineering-mediated cultivar improvements to strengthen scab resistance.Furthermore,ongoing advancements in genetic engineering will enable the application of these molecular targets to develop more scab-resistant wheat cultivars with DON detoxification traits.

A new phase of treasure hunting in plant genebanks

The United Nations has estimated that the world population will surpass 8 billion on Nov.15,2022,and will continue to rise to 11.2 billion by 2100.Considering that agricultural resources are limited,it will be a huge challenge to produce sufficient food to feed such a rapidly rising global population.Furthermore,the ongoing climate changes are adding more pressures on worldwide crop productions.To cope with these problems,it is both imperative and urgent to develop the crop cultivars with higher yield potential,improved nutritional quality,and better resilience to environmental stresses.

川西甲基卡锂矿3211 m科学深钻多物理量分布式光纤观测

川西甲基卡锂矿3211 m科学深钻位于青藏高原东缘鲜水河断裂及川藏铁路附近,是目前青藏高原上最深的科学钻孔.利用此深钻观测深部物理场和浅部环境的变化过程,对于研究青藏高原地壳活动、川藏铁路场地稳定性和生态环境保护等均具有重要意义.采用分布式光纤传感(distributed fiber optic sensing,DFOS)技术,我们研发了高强度、耐高温的特种传感光缆,成功植入甲基卡锂矿深钻中,建成了世界上海拔最高和深度最大的光纤观测孔,实现了应变、温度、振动、水分等多物理量的分布式原位观测.本文是甲基卡光纤观测孔第一阶段的成果,包括岩体热导率的原位测定、钻孔回填过程的分布式声波振动(distributed acoustic sensing,DAS)观测、地震监测与地震成像等方面的初步进展.研究表明:DFOS应用于深钻全断面多物理量观测是可行的,它完全能适应深钻高温和高压的观测环境,并具有长距离、实时、连续分布式观测的优势;将分布式温度传感光纤、应变传感光纤和声波传感光纤集于一根传感光缆的设计思路保障了深钻传感光缆的安装质量,并为DFOS技术应用于地球物理和地质工程的多物理场观测开辟了广阔的应用空间.

WheatOmics:A platform combining multiple omics data to accelerate functional genomics studies in wheat

Dear Editor,Mold-breaking progress in whole-genome sequencing and rapid accumulation of multi-omics data have revolutionized the research strategies of functional genomics in wheat(Wang et al.,2018).However,how to access these vast multi-omics data and to extract key information on genes of in-terest,is still challenging for most wet-lab or field wheat re-searchers who have little bioinformatic experiences and cannot access the expensive computational resources.Here,we pre-sent WheatOmics(http://wheatomics.sdau.edu.cn/,previously designated as Triticeae Multi-omics Center,http://202.194.139.32/),a free,web-accessible,and user-friendly platform.WheatOmics not only empowers the effective access to the visualized multi-omics data of user-interested genes but also offers several distinctive and practical toolkits that can ease almost every aspect of wheat functional genomics studies(Figure 1A).

Artificial Selection in Domestication and Breeding Prevents Speciation in Rice

Speciation has long been regarded as an irreversible process once the reproductive barriers had been established.However,unlike in natural populations,artificial selection might either accelerate or prevent speciation processes in domesticated species.Asian cultivated rice is a target crop for both domestication and artificial breeding;it contains two subspecies of indica and japonica,which usually produce sterile inter-subspecific hybrids due to reproductive barriers.In this study,we constructed the evolutionary trajectory of a reproductive isolation system S5,which regulates fertility in indica-japonica hybrids via three adjacent genes,based on the data of 606 accessions including two cultivated and 11 wild rice species.Although hybrid sterility haplotypes at S5 lead to establishment of a killer-protector reproductive barrier,origin of wide-compatibility haplotypes by complex hybridization and recombination provides an opposing force to reproductive isolation and thus prevents speciation during domestication.Analysis in a diallel set of 209 crosses involving 21 parents showed that the wide-compatibility genotypes largely rescued fertility of indica-japonica hybrids,indicating that the wide-compatibility gene would enable gene flow to maintain species coherence.This counteracting system indicates that combined effects of natural evolution and artificial selection may result in reversible processes of speciation in rice,which may also have implications for genetic improvement of rice.

Genome-wide dissection of segregation distortion using multiple inter-subspecific crosses in rice

Mendelian inheritance can ensure equal segregation of alleles from parents to offspring, which provides fundamental basis for genetics and molecular biology. Segregation distortion(SD) leads to preferential transmission of certain alleles from generation to generation. Such violation of Mendelian genetic principle is often accompanied by reproductive isolation and eventually speciation. Although SD is observed in a wide range of species from plants to animals, genome-wide dissection of such biased transmission of gametes is rare. Using nine inter-subspecific rice crosses, a genome-wide screen for SD loci is performed, which reveals 61 single-locus quantitative trait loci and 194 digenic interactions showing distorted transmission ratio, among which 24 new SD loci are identified. Biased transmission of alleles is observed in all nine crosses, suggesting that SD exists extensively in rice populations. 72.13% distorted regions are repeatedly detected in multiple populations, and the most prevalent SD hotspot that observed in eight populations is mapped to chromosome 3. Xian alleles are transmitted at higher frequencies than geng alleles in inter-subspecific crosses, which change the genetic composition of the rice populations. Epistatic interaction contributes significantly to the deviation of Mendelian segregation at the whole-genome level in rice, which is distinct from that in animals. These results provide an extensive archive for investigating the genetic basis of SD in rice, which have significant implications in understanding the reproductive isolation and formation of inter-subspecific barriers during the evolution.

The provenance analysis of Late Triassic sedimentary sequences in Tethyan Himalaya: The tectonic attribute of materials at the convergent margin

The Late Triassic is one of the key breakup periods of the eastern Gondwana margin and early-stage evolution of the Neo-Tethys,which traversed Laurasia and Gondwana at that time.A series of Late Triassic marine sedimentary sequences,preserved within the Himalaya(e.g.Tethyan Himalaya)of southern Tibet,provides crucial and reliable information for understanding geological evolution processes.

Mapping quantitative trait loci using binned genotypes

Precise mapping of quantitative trait loci(QTLs)is critical for assessing genetic effects and identifying candidate genes for quantitative traits.Interval and composite interval mappings have been the methods of choice for several decades,which have provided tools for identifying genomic regions harboring causal genes for quantitative traits.Historically,the concept was developed on the basis of sparse marker maps where genotypes of loci within intervals could not be observed.Currently,genomes of many organisms have been saturated with markers due to the new sequencing technologies.Genotyping by sequencing usually generates hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs),which often include the causal polymorphisms.The concept of interval no longer exists,prompting the necessity of a norm change in QTL mapping technology to make use of the high-volume genomic data.Here we developed a statistical method and a software package to map QTLs by binning markers into haplotype blocks,called bins.The new method detects associations of bins with quantitative traits.It borrows the mixed model methodology with a polygenic control from genome-wide association studies(GWAS)and can handle all kinds of experimental populations under the linear mixed model(LMM)framework.We tested the method using both simulated data and data from populations of rice.The results showed that this method has higher power than the current methods.An R package named binQTL is available from GitHub.