Based on a survey of 939 farmers in Sichuan and Chongqing,this paper analyzes the influencing factors of entrepreneurial farmers' formal financial credit demands and credit constraints with Probit model. It is fou...Based on a survey of 939 farmers in Sichuan and Chongqing,this paper analyzes the influencing factors of entrepreneurial farmers' formal financial credit demands and credit constraints with Probit model. It is found that entrepreneurial farmers have strong demand for formal financial credit,which is mainly production investment demand,but the formal financial credit constraint is obvious. Family size,cognition of loan procedures and conditions have a positive effect on entrepreneurial farmers' formal financial demand,while family per capita income,the distance between family location and the nearest formal financial organization,have negative influence. The relationship between householder'age and entrepreneurial farmers' successful formal loan presents inverted U shape,and educational level presents a negative correlation with successful loan. Compared with the traditional scale agricultural business,farmers engaged in other entrepreneurial businesses would get loan from formal financial institutions more difficultly. Understanding level of the loan procedures and conditions has a positive effect on successful loan. Compared with entrepreneurial farmers without employment,employed farmers are more likely to get loans. Statistically,householder' age and educational level,entrepreneurial business choices do not have significant effect on entrepreneurial households' formal financial credit demands. Family size,family per capital income,the distance between family location and the nearest formal financial organization,and the size of loan do not have significant influence on entrepreneurial households' successful loan. To get rid of formal financial credit constraints,we must implement the incremental reform of financial institutions,promote the formal finance of the villages and towns which can adapt to the farmers' financial demand,and create a good financial environment. Meanwhile,it is necessary to give impetus to innovation of financial management,products and services,reduce credit threshold,and adapt to the characteristics and demands of entrepreneurial households.展开更多
Geotubes are heterogeneous structures composed of filling sand and bag material,and its pemeability characteristics are different from that of flling sand.The uncertainty of geotubes permeability characteristics resul...Geotubes are heterogeneous structures composed of filling sand and bag material,and its pemeability characteristics are different from that of flling sand.The uncertainty of geotubes permeability characteristics results in the failure of seepage analysis of geotube dams,which restricts the safety assessment of the dams.As the basis of the study on the seepage mechanism of the geotubes,the influence of particle grading on pemeability cofficient of flling sand and sand covered with geotextiles were explored by the pemmeability tests of flling sand with different particle grading under the condition of sand covered with or without geotextiles.And the infuence of geotextiles on the permeability coefficient was analyzed by comparing permeability coefficient of sand covered with and without geotextiles.The test results show that the influence of single particle size content on permeability coe ficient is consistent under the condition of sand covered with and without geotextiles.The content of powder,fine,medium and coarse particles is linearly related to their respective permeability cofficients.And the content of powder,fine,medium particles is negatively correlated with their permeability coefficients,while the content of coarse particles is positively correlated with the permeability coefficient.But the pemeability coefficient of sand covered with geotextiles is smaller than that of flling sand under the same conditions.Finally,the parameter d2 50 Cc/Cu was selected as a variable representing the particle grading to fit the empirical formula of permeability coefficient of flling sand and sand covered with geotextiles.展开更多
New type professional farmers are farmers who possess certain resources and capitals,have certain extent of spirit of entrepreneurship,and are fully capable of obtaining and allocating resources related to agricultura...New type professional farmers are farmers who possess certain resources and capitals,have certain extent of spirit of entrepreneurship,and are fully capable of obtaining and allocating resources related to agricultural production and management,and engaged in agricultural production and management for obtaining average profit.Cultivation of new type professional farmers should be promoted in the process and at the background of"coordinated development of industrialization,informationization,urbanization and agricultural modernization".It should establish a proper cultivation subject system consisting of government,enterprises,rural communities and nonprofit organizations.Relying on multiple motive forces,efforts should be concentrated on cultivating those farmers with enterprising,highly innovative and learning ability,to guide traditional farmers to change into learning,enterprising and innovative ones.In addition,cultivation of new type professional farmers must rely on farmer education and training,modern agricultural development,increase in agricultural comparative advantage,innovation of rural management system and mechanism,multiple types of agricultural operation on a fairly large scale,as well as construction and regulation of new rural communities.Finally,it is recommended to provide system guarantee from long-term input mechanism of new type professional farmer education and training,incentive and restrictive mechanism of new type professional farmer cultivation,and construction of favorable environment for agricultural entrepreneurship.展开更多
Existing estimators for the jump activity index only made use of the price dynamics of assets.In this study,we incorporate trading information and propose a trading-flow-adjusted(TA)estimator for the jump activity ind...Existing estimators for the jump activity index only made use of the price dynamics of assets.In this study,we incorporate trading information and propose a trading-flow-adjusted(TA)estimator for the jump activity index for pure-jump Ito semimartingales observed at high frequencies.We derive the central limit theorem of the estimator and perform simulation studies that justify the theory.The new estimator is shown to be more efficient in terms of the convergence rate as compared with the existing estimators,which use only the price information under some realistic conditions.Empirical analysis shows estimates with lower standard errors than those that do not incorporate the trading information.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Social Science Foundation in 2010(10AGL007)Humanities and Social Sciences Cultivation Project of Southwest University in2012(12XDSK002)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in 2013(SWU1309315)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in 2009(SWU0909629)
文摘Based on a survey of 939 farmers in Sichuan and Chongqing,this paper analyzes the influencing factors of entrepreneurial farmers' formal financial credit demands and credit constraints with Probit model. It is found that entrepreneurial farmers have strong demand for formal financial credit,which is mainly production investment demand,but the formal financial credit constraint is obvious. Family size,cognition of loan procedures and conditions have a positive effect on entrepreneurial farmers' formal financial demand,while family per capita income,the distance between family location and the nearest formal financial organization,have negative influence. The relationship between householder'age and entrepreneurial farmers' successful formal loan presents inverted U shape,and educational level presents a negative correlation with successful loan. Compared with the traditional scale agricultural business,farmers engaged in other entrepreneurial businesses would get loan from formal financial institutions more difficultly. Understanding level of the loan procedures and conditions has a positive effect on successful loan. Compared with entrepreneurial farmers without employment,employed farmers are more likely to get loans. Statistically,householder' age and educational level,entrepreneurial business choices do not have significant effect on entrepreneurial households' formal financial credit demands. Family size,family per capital income,the distance between family location and the nearest formal financial organization,and the size of loan do not have significant influence on entrepreneurial households' successful loan. To get rid of formal financial credit constraints,we must implement the incremental reform of financial institutions,promote the formal finance of the villages and towns which can adapt to the farmers' financial demand,and create a good financial environment. Meanwhile,it is necessary to give impetus to innovation of financial management,products and services,reduce credit threshold,and adapt to the characteristics and demands of entrepreneurial households.
基金The author(s)received funding for this study from Key Research Project of Natural Science in Colleges and Universities of Anhui Province(KJ2019A0640)and(KJ2018B09).
文摘Geotubes are heterogeneous structures composed of filling sand and bag material,and its pemeability characteristics are different from that of flling sand.The uncertainty of geotubes permeability characteristics results in the failure of seepage analysis of geotube dams,which restricts the safety assessment of the dams.As the basis of the study on the seepage mechanism of the geotubes,the influence of particle grading on pemeability cofficient of flling sand and sand covered with geotextiles were explored by the pemmeability tests of flling sand with different particle grading under the condition of sand covered with or without geotextiles.And the infuence of geotextiles on the permeability coefficient was analyzed by comparing permeability coefficient of sand covered with and without geotextiles.The test results show that the influence of single particle size content on permeability coe ficient is consistent under the condition of sand covered with and without geotextiles.The content of powder,fine,medium and coarse particles is linearly related to their respective permeability cofficients.And the content of powder,fine,medium particles is negatively correlated with their permeability coefficients,while the content of coarse particles is positively correlated with the permeability coefficient.But the pemeability coefficient of sand covered with geotextiles is smaller than that of flling sand under the same conditions.Finally,the parameter d2 50 Cc/Cu was selected as a variable representing the particle grading to fit the empirical formula of permeability coefficient of flling sand and sand covered with geotextiles.
基金Supported by Key Project of National Social Science Foundation(10AGL007&12ASH004)Key Project of Ministry of Education(DFA100209)+2 种基金Ph.D.Foundation Project of Southwest University(SWU1209338)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in 2013(SWU1309315)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in 2009(SWU0909629)
文摘New type professional farmers are farmers who possess certain resources and capitals,have certain extent of spirit of entrepreneurship,and are fully capable of obtaining and allocating resources related to agricultural production and management,and engaged in agricultural production and management for obtaining average profit.Cultivation of new type professional farmers should be promoted in the process and at the background of"coordinated development of industrialization,informationization,urbanization and agricultural modernization".It should establish a proper cultivation subject system consisting of government,enterprises,rural communities and nonprofit organizations.Relying on multiple motive forces,efforts should be concentrated on cultivating those farmers with enterprising,highly innovative and learning ability,to guide traditional farmers to change into learning,enterprising and innovative ones.In addition,cultivation of new type professional farmers must rely on farmer education and training,modern agricultural development,increase in agricultural comparative advantage,innovation of rural management system and mechanism,multiple types of agricultural operation on a fairly large scale,as well as construction and regulation of new rural communities.Finally,it is recommended to provide system guarantee from long-term input mechanism of new type professional farmer education and training,incentive and restrictive mechanism of new type professional farmer cultivation,and construction of favorable environment for agricultural entrepreneurship.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11201080 and 11571250)Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions+5 种基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11501503)Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Province,National Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(Grant No.BK20181417)Jiangsu Province College Science Key Foundation(Grant No.17KJA110001)supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71874028)State Key Programme of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71331006)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in University of International Business and Economics(Grant No.16YQ05)。
文摘Existing estimators for the jump activity index only made use of the price dynamics of assets.In this study,we incorporate trading information and propose a trading-flow-adjusted(TA)estimator for the jump activity index for pure-jump Ito semimartingales observed at high frequencies.We derive the central limit theorem of the estimator and perform simulation studies that justify the theory.The new estimator is shown to be more efficient in terms of the convergence rate as compared with the existing estimators,which use only the price information under some realistic conditions.Empirical analysis shows estimates with lower standard errors than those that do not incorporate the trading information.