Current status of diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer in China-Analyses of Chinese Bladder Cancer Consortium database

Objective:To investigate current status of diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer in China.Methods:A database was generated by Chinese Bladder Cancer Consortium(CBCC).From January 2007 to December 2012,14,260 cases from 44 CBCC centers were included.Data of diagnosis,treatment and pathology were collected.Results:The average age was 63.5 year-old and most patients were male(84.3%).The most common histologic types were urothelial carcinoma(91.4%),adenocarcinoma(1.8%),and squamous carcinoma(1.9%).According to 1973 and 2004 WHO grading system,42.0%,41.0%,and 17.0% of patients were grade 1,2,and 3,and 16.0%,48.7%,and 35.3% of patients were papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential,low,and high grade,respectively.Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC)and muscle invasive bladder cancer(MIBC)were 25.2% and 74.1%,respectively(0.8% not clear).Carcinoma in situ was only 2.4%.Most patients were diagnosed by white-light cystoscopy with biopsy(74.3%).Fluorescence and narrow band imaging cystoscopy had additional detection rate of 1.0% and 4.0%,respectively.Diagnostic transurethral resection(TUR)provided detection rate of 16.9%.Most NMIBCs were treated with TUR(89.2%).After initial TUR,2.6%accepted second TUR,and 45.7%,69.9%,and 58.7% accepted immediate,induced,and maintenance chemotherapy instillation,respectively.Most MIBCs were treated with radical cystectomy(RC,59.7%).Laparoscopic RCs were 35.1%,while open RC 63.4%.Extended and standard pelvic lymph node dissection were 7% and 66%,respectively.Three most common urinary diversions were orthotopic neobladder(44%),ileal conduit(31%),and ureterocutaneostomy(23%).Only 2.3% of patients accepted neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and only 18%of T3 and T4 patients accepted adjuvant chemotherapy.Conclusion:Disease characteristics are similar to international reports,while differences of diagnosis and treatment exist.This study can provide evidences for revisions of the guideline on bladder cancer in China.

Calcium-Doped Boron Nitride Aerogel Enables Infrared Stealth at High Temperature Up to 1300℃

Boron nitride(BN)aerogels,composed of nanoscale BN building units together with plenty of air in between these nanoscale building units,are ultralight ceramic materials with excellent thermal/electrical insulation,great chemical stability and high-temperature oxidation resistance,which offer considerable advantages for various applications under extreme conditions.However,previous BN aerogels cannot resist high temperature above 900℃ in air atmosphere,and hightemperature oxidation resistance enhancement for BN aerogels is still a great challenge.Herein,a calcium-doped BN(Ca-BN)aerogel with enhanced high-temperature stability(up to~1300℃ in air)was synthesized by introducing Ca atoms into crystal structure of BN building blocks via high-temperature reaction between calcium phosphate and melamine diborate architecture.Such Ca-BN aerogels could resist the burning of butane flame(~1300℃)and keep their megashape and microstructure very well.Furthermore,Ca-BN aerogel serves as thermal insulation layer,together with Al foil serving as both low-infrared-emission layer and high-infrared-reflection layer,forming a combination structure that can effectively hide high-temperature target(heated by butane flame).Such successful chemical doping of metal element into crystal structure of BN may be helpful in the future design and fabrication of advanced BN aerogel materials,and further extending their possible applications to extremely high-temperature environments.

Spatial pattern and mechanisms of farmland abandonment in Agricultural and Pastoral Areas of Qingzang Plateau

With the rapid development of social economy and urban−rural integration,the phenomenon of farmland aban-donment worldwide has proved to be one of the main trends of land use and land cover change(LUCC),and profoundly affected the rural landscape and regional ecological environment.Restricted by the natural environ-ment,economic development and backward agricultural technology,the phenomenon of farmland abandonment is also common in the Qingzang Plateau(QP).Therefore,this paper adopted the spatial autocorrelation method to analyze the spatial pattern of abandonment in the agricultural and pastoral areas of the Qingzang Plateau(APA−QP)in 2017,and the geographically weighted regression(GWR)model to explore the effects of geograph-ical resources,socio-economic development and location conditions on farmland abandonment.This study found that:1)From 2015 to 2017,the abandoned farmland area in the APA−QP was approximately 18.23×10^(4)ha,with an overall abandonment rate of 15.18%.On the whole,it showed the distribution characteristics of“strong in the south and weak in the north,strong in the east and weak in the west”.2)There were positive spatial correlation between both abandoned area and abandonment rate in the APA−QP,showing“concave”and“convex”patterns,respectively,mainly concentrated in the Huang−shui Valley and the Southeast Tibet;while in the western and northern regions,the degree of abandonment was relatively low.3)Farmland abandonment in the APA−QP was mainly driven by the geographical environment changes and farmers’decision−making on farmland utilization.There was significant spatial heterogeneity on farmland abandonment associated with the impact of geographical resources,socio−economics and location conditions.The geographical resource factors had a positive impact on the abandonment,and were strongly constrained by natural geographic conditions such as altitude and slope.The farmland resources in the Qingzang Plateau are limited,but are of strategic significance for the sustainable development of agriculture in the whole Qingzang Plateau.In order to realize the rational distribution of agricul-ture and animal husbandry and the sustainable utilization of farmland resources in the plateau region,land use strategies should be implemented according to regional differences and regional advantages in order to ensure the ecological environment security of Qingzang Plateau.

The PIWI-specific insertion module helps load longer piRNAs for translational activation essential for male fertility

PIWI-clade proteins harness pi RNAs of 24–33 nt in length.Of great puzzles are how PIWI-clade proteins incorporate pi RNAs of different sizes and whether the size matters to PIWI/pi RNA function.Here we report that a PIWI-Ins module unique in PIWIclade proteins helps define the length of pi RNAs.Deletion of PIWI-Ins in Miwi shifts MIWI to load with shorter pi RNAs and causes spermiogenic failure in mice,demonstrating the functional importance of this regulatory module.Mechanistically,we show that longer pi RNAs provide additional complementarity to target m RNAs,thereby enhancing the assembly of the MIWI/e IF3f/Hu R super-complex for translational activation.Importantly,we identify a c.1108C>T(p.R370W)mutation of HIWI(human PIWIL1)in infertile men and demonstrate in Miwi knock-in mice that this genetic mutation impairs male fertility by altering the property of PIWI-Ins in selecting longer pi RNAs.These findings reveal a critical role of PIWI-Ins-ensured longer pi RNAs in fine-tuning MIWI/pi RNA targeting capacity,proven essential for spermatid development and male fertility.

Nano-frictional mechano-reinforcing porous nanowires scaffolds

Artificial biomaterials with dynamic mechano-responsive behaviors similar to those of biological tissues have been drawing great attention.In this study,we report a TiO_(2)-based nanowire(TiO_(2)NWs)scaffolds,which exhibit dynamic mechano-responsive behaviors varying with the number and amplitude of nano-deformation cycles.It is found that the elastic and adhesive forces in the TiO_(2)NWs scaffolds can increase significantly after multiple cycles of nano-deformation.Further nanofriction experiments show the triboelectric effect of increasing elastic and adhesive forces during the nano-deformation cycles of TiO_(2)NWs scaffolds.These properties allow the TiO_(2)NW scaffolds to be designed and applied as intelligent artificial biomaterials to simulate biological tissues in the future.

PBS3 Protects EDS1 from Proteasome-Mediated Degradation in Plant Immunity

Plant immunity is controlled by both positive regulators such as PBS3 and EDS1 and negative regulators such as NPR3 and NPR4.However,the relationships among these important immune regulators remain elusive.In this study,we found that PBS3 interacts with EDS1 in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus,and is required for EDS1 protein accumulation?NPR3 and NPR4,which function as salicylic acid receptors and adaptors of Cullin3-based E3 ligase,interact with and mediate the degradation of EDS1 via the 26S proteasome.We further discovered that PBS3 inhibits the polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation of EDS1 by reducing the association of EDS1 with the Cullin3 adaptors NPR3 and NPR4.Furthermore,we showed that PBS3 and EDS1 also contribute to PAMP-triggered immunity in addition to effector-triggered immunity.Collectively,our study reveals a novel mechanism by which plants fine-tune defense resporises by inhibiting the degradation of a positive player in plant immunity.

监狱罪犯悔罪程度与影响因素实证研究——以犯罪学的中立化理论为框架

悔罪在刑事法学领域具有重要地位与重要意义。监狱罪犯的悔罪研究关系到刑罚执行领域的教育改造质量以及他们出狱之后的重新犯罪风险预测与防范。课题组使用犯罪学的中立化理论及其测量工具分析了上海市相关监狱罪犯的悔罪程度。研究发现:监狱罪犯总体悔罪程度较高,有无配偶、是否属于暴力类犯罪、被判刑期、对监狱民警总体执法公正度评价这四个自变量显著影响他们的悔罪程度。由此,监狱管理工作者应该重点关注监狱罪犯的婚姻状况,加强对暴力类与刑期较长的监狱罪犯的教育改造工作,适度改善监狱民警的工作方式,提升监狱民警工作水平。