Comparison of labeling methods and time course of traumatic brain injury-induced cell death in mice

BACKGROUND：Various molecular mechanisms of cell death following traumatic brain injury have been previously described.However,the time course of cell death remains unclear.TUNEL and Fluoro-Jade B labeling have been widely used to label apoptotic cells and neuronal degeneration.Propidium iodide （PI） functions as a biomarker of cell death in vivo.OBJECTIVE：To explore the role of PI labeling compared to TUNEL and Fluoro-Jade B staining for detecting neural cell death,and to observe time course of traumatic brain injury-induced cell death in mice.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING：A randomized,controlled,animal experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases,Soochow University from September 2007 to December 2008.MATERIALS：PI （B1221） was purchased from Sigma,USA.TUNEL kit was purchased from Roche Molecular Biochemicals,USA.Fluoro-Jade B was purchased from Chemicon,USA.METHODS：A total of 70 healthy,male,Kunming mice were randomly assigned to sham-surgery （n = 5） and model （n = 65） groups.Traumatic brain injury was established using the controlled cortical impact method.PI was intraperitoneally injected at 1 hour prior to animal sacrifice.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：TUNEL,Fluoro-Jade B,and Pl-positive cells were quantified using a double-labeling method to determine the time course of traumatic brain injury-induced cell death.RESULTS：PI labeled cells in an earlier phase of cell death than TUNEL and Fluoro-Jade B labeling.Pl-positive cells were observed immediately following injury,and the numbers rapidly increased in injured brain areas at 1 hour,peaked at 24-48 hours,and subsequently decreased at 3-21 days post-injury.TUNEL-labeled cells were significantly increased at 12 hours,while Fluoro-Jade B-labeled cells were increased at 6 hours after injury,with cells still visible at 6-48 hours post-injury.Moreover,a greater number of Pl-positive cells were observed compared to TUNEL- and Fluoro-Jade B-labeled cells.CONCLUSION：PI labeling is more sensitive and reliable than TUNEL and Fluoro-Jade B staining for detecting cell death following traumatic brain injury.Moreover,PI labeling can function as a reliable marker to estimate the entire time course of cell death.

非传统石油地质学理论的内涵与外延

非传统石油地质学是指传统石油地质学和非常规石油地质学研究范畴以外的含油气盆地共伴生地质资源的形成机理、分布特征、富集规律等一系列地质学问题的总称,包括地层水、岩石、原油和天然气中相关有价值的元素(氢气、氦气等)或化合物,以及地热、储气库、碳中和等相关的科学问题和资源勘探。含油气盆地作为多种资源汇聚的聚宝盆,是非传统石油地质学研究的重要领域。石油勘探与开发引领了盆地中多种矿产资源协同开发和利用,石油地质学又引领了油气及多种矿产的成因、演化和分布规律的研究。油气勘探开发科技进步促进了石油地质学向深地、深海进发,勘查到的非油气资源越来越多,越发促进石油地质学的扩展和进步。综述了在非传统石油地质学范畴内发现的种类丰富的油气共伴生资源,主要包括油气藏内的原油中贵重元素(金、银和铂族等)、富钾卤水、氦气、氢气、硫化氢、二氧化碳和汞,油气藏外的地热、砂岩型铀矿、盐/碱矿和煤,以及为废弃油气藏再利用提供巨大潜力的储气库和二氧化碳封存等非油气藏工程。复杂的地质作用使各类矿产资源赋存在地壳不同深度,针对油气共伴生矿产资源的综合勘查与评价应基于含油气盆地的复杂地质条件,对油气与共生伴生矿产的共生关系、分布规律、赋存形态、品位数据、地质储量、开采潜力及经济效益等进行综合评价,建立综合开发利用技术体系。含油气盆地常规/非常规油气资源与非油气资源协同共生、共同开发,需以综合勘探开发为原则,持续加大对油气共伴生矿产资源的科研投入,进而有效保障资源需求、加速实现能源转型,并指导盆地内资源的充分勘探与开发。

Genesis of ultra-deep dolostone and controlling factors of largescale reservoir:A case study of the Sinian Dengying Formation and the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in the Sichuan Basin

This paper investigates the origin of ultra-deep dolostone and the factors influencing large-scale dolostone reservoirs,focusing on the Sinian Dengying Formation and the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in the Sichuan Basin.The study involves petrology,microscale X-ray diffraction,trace element analysis,and C-O-Sr-Mg isotope experiments to provide a detailed analysis.The research findings indicate that the Dengying and Longwangmiao formations comprise six types of matrix dolostone and four types of cement.The Dengying Formation,which developed under a sedimentary background of a restricted platform,contains special microbial and microcrystalline dolostones.The dolomite grains are small(<30μm)and have a low order degree(Min=0.55),with large unit cell parameters and an extremely high Na content(Max=788 ppm).The^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr value of the dolostone is consistent with contemporaneous seawater,while the δ^(13)C andδ^(18)O values are lower than those of the contemporaneous seawater.The δ^(26)Mg value is small(Min=-2.31‰).Powder crystal,fine-crystalline,and calcite dolostones with coarser and more ordered crystals exhibit similar δ^(13)C and^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr values to microbial and microcrystalline dolostone.During the sedimentary period of the Dengying Formation,ancient marine conditions were favorable for microbial survival.Microorganisms induced the direct precipitation of primary dolomite in seawater,forming microbial and microcrystalline dolostones during the seawater diagenesis period.During the subsequent diagenesis period,dolostones underwent the effects of dissolution-recrystallization,structures,and hydrothermal fluids.This resulted in the formation of dolostone with coarser crystals,a higher degree of order,and various types of cement.The Longwangmiao Formation was developed in an interplatform beach characterized by special particle dolostone.The particle dolostone has a large grain size(>30μm),high order degree(Min=0.7),small unit cell parameters,high Na content(Max=432 ppm),and low Fe and Mn content.The δ^(26)Mg and δ^(13)C values are consistent with the contemporaneous seawater,while the δ^(18)O and^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr values are higher than those of the contemporaneous seawater.There is mutual coupling between multiple-period varying δ^(26)Mg values and sedimentary cycles.The dolostone in the Longwangmiao Formation resulted from the metasomatism of limestone by evaporated seawater.The thickness and scale of the dolostone in the Longwangmiao Formation are controlled by the periodic changes in sea level.The period of dolostone development from the Sinian to the Cambrian coincides with the transition from Rodinia’s breakup to Gondwana’s convergence.These events have resulted in vastly different marine properties,microbial activities,and sedimentary climate backgrounds between the Sinian and the Cambrian.These differences may be the fundamental factors leading to the distinct origins of dolostone formed in the two periods.The distribution of sedimentary facies and deep tectonic activities in the Sichuan Basin from the Sinian to the Cambrian is influenced by the breakup and convergence of the supercontinent.This process plays a key role in determining the distribution,pore formation,preservation,and adjustment mechanisms of ultra-deep dolostone reservoirs.To effectively analyze the genesis and reservoir mechanisms of ultra-deep dolostone in other regions or layers,especially during the specific period of supercontinent breakup and convergence,it is crucial to consider the comprehensive characteristics of seawater properties,microbial activities,sedimentary environment,and fault systems driven by tectonic activities.This can help predict the distribution of high-quality and large-scale ultra-deep dolostone reservoirs.

Genesis mechanism and Mg isotope difference between the Sinian and Cambrian dolomites in Tarim Basin

Dolomite genesis is a century-old mystery in sedimentology.To reveal the mechanism of dolomite genesis,two core problems need to be addressed.The first is the origin and migration mechanism of Mg^(2+)-rich fluids during the dolomitization process.The second is the kinetic barrier caused by Mg^(2+)hydration during dolomite precipitation at low temperatures.To address these problems,our study,based on detailed petrological,sedimentological,geochemical(major and trace elements),and isotopic(C-O-Mg)analysis,clarified the source and migration of Mg^(2+)-rich fluids and the kinetic barrier mechanism of lowtemperature dolomite precipitation in the Upper Sinian Qigebulake Formation and the Lower Cambrian Xiaoerbulake Formation in the Tarim Basin.First,we found that the Mg^(2+)-rich fluids required for the dolomitization of dolomite in the Xiaoerbulake Formation were primarily derived from the Early Cambrian marine fluid.At the interface of the sedimentary cycle,δ26Mg values fluctuated considerably,indicating that the sequence interface was the starting point and channel for the migration of dolomitized fluids.Sea level variation plays a major role in controlling the dolomitization process of the Xiaoerbulake Formation.Second,the Qigebulake Formation contains low-temperature dolomite with Mg^(2+)-rich fluids supplied by seawater,microorganisms,and sedimentary organic matter.Comprehensive analysis shows that the dolomite of the Qigebulake Formation was formed by microbial induction by anaerobic methane bacteria.Finally,the properties and sources of dolomitization fluids and the formation process of dolomite were the reasons for the difference in the Mg isotope composition of dolomite during the Sinian-Cambrian transition.This study reveals the genetic mechanism of the Sinian-Cambrian dolomite in the Tarim Basin and establishes a new method to explain the genesis of microbial dolomite by C-O-Mg isotopes,providing a reference for the reconstruction of the formation and evolution of dolomites.

Evolution of the Neoproterozoic rift basins and its implication for oil and gas exploration in the Tarim Basin

According to the aeromagnetic,seismic,and geological data,the surface structure,sedimentation,and distribution characteristics as well as the deep dynamic mechanism of the north-south differentiated Neoproterozoic rift basins were well investigated to reveal the tectonic evolution and its control on the distribution of the Early Cambrian sedimentary basin and source rocks in the Tarim Basin.The rift basin in the southern Tarim was a product of superplume activities during the early breakup period of the Rodinia supercontinent.It initiated in the Early Cryogenian(about 780 Ma)and appeared as NE-direction aulacogens extending into the Tarim Basin.The rift basin in the northern Tarim was a back-arc rift basin derived from the subduction of Pan-Rodinian oceanic plate,which initiated in the Late Cryogenian(about 740 Ma)and occurred as a nearly EW-direction narrow band across the Tarim Basin.The northern Tarim back-arc rift basin had similar formation and evolution process to the Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic back-arc rift basins in East Asia,both showing an oceanward migration;however,the Tarim rift basin finally evolved from the fault-depression basins into passive continental margin.The Neoproterozoic rift basins controlled not only the distribution of source rocks in the syn-rift period but also the development of Early Cambrian sedimentary basin.Nearly EW-distributed syn-rift(Cryogenian to Ediacaran)and postrift(Lower Cambrian Yurtusi period)source rocks were likely to develop between the present Tabei uplift and central uplift belt.

Origins and Differences in Condensate Gas Reservoirs between East and West of Tazhong Uplift in the Ordovician Tarim Basin, NW China

The Ordovician of the Tazhong area in the Tarim Basin has suffered multi-cyclic hydrocarbon charging, making Tazhong a typical condensate gas district. In this paper, production and test data were gathered and a detailed comparison was conducted on the geology and the fluid distribution and characteristics between the eastern and western Tazhong area. Eastern and western regions exhibit significant differences in tectonic structure, fluid distribution, and physical-chemical properties of oil and gas. Compared with the eastern region, the western part has a greater development of discordogenic gas associated with strike-slip faults which, combined with the Tazhong No. 1 fault zone, control the fluid distribution. The eastern region is mainly controlled by the Tazhong No. 1 fault zone. Fluid have markedly homogeneous properties in the east, but are heterogeneous in the west. The origins of oil and gas are different between the east and the west. In the east, hydrocarbons are mainly from Ordovician source rocks and natural gas is mostly derived from kerogen pyrolysis. In the west, the hydrocarbons mainly originated from Cambrian source rocks, and the gas was mostly generated by crude oil cracking. In sum, the east region is dominated by primary condensate gas reservoirs, and the western region is dominated by secondary condensate gas reservoirs. Because of the different geological settings and fluid physical properties, differences in the condensate gas reservoirs in the eastern and the western Tazhong area have been analyzed, and appropriate formation mechanisms for condensate gas origins are established.

Discovery of Precambrian thick black mudstones and its implication for hydrocarbon exploration in the southwest Tarim Basin

Due to deep burial of Precambrian in Tarim Basin,no breakthrough in the hydrocarbon exploration has been achieved from these strata,and development of high-quality source rocks is also uncertain.More than 30 exploratory wells have been drilled in the southwest Tarim Basin and the pediment region of Kunlun Mountains with a total area of more than 100
103 km2.Though some marine oil/gas fields such as Hetianhe,Bashituopu,Yubei and Luosi 2 have been discovered,the Cambrian or Ordovician source rocks have not been drilled,and hydrocarbon source still remain controversial.Recently,a set of thick black shales and mudstones has been found in the southwest Tarim Basin.The total thickness of mudstones is more than 140 m,and the total organic carbon mainly ranges from 0.6%to 1.9%with an average of 1.0%.Tmax is from 490C to 520C,equivalent to Ro from 1.99%to 2.99%.Pyrites are very rich in mudstone.According to stratigraphic contact relationship and isotopic chronology,this mudstone may have the age of more than 517 Ma,and is tentatively named as the“Western Kunlun black rock series”.Through the plate tectonic analysis,this set of thick black mudstones is possibly distributed widely in the southwest Tarim Basin,and its formation may be controlled by the aulacogen.This set of black mudstones may be an important source rocks in the southwest Tarim Basin,which suggest that the Precambrian-Cambrian strata in Tarim Basin has geological conditions for hydrocarbon accumulations.This discovery of the black thick mudstones in the southwest Tarim Basin will promote hydrocarbon exploration in the deep and ultra-deep strata of the Tarim Basin.

Effects of different LED light colors on growth performance and harmful gas emission of broilers breeding in a digital rearing chamber

Refined management is an inevitable trend in the development of livestock husbandry.Accurate acquisition of breeding environment parameters is beneficial to improve breeding efficiency while reducing environmental pollution.Light is an important breeding environmental factor during broiler breeding.In this study,a short-term broiler breeding experiment was conducted with different light color illumination environments in a digital breeding chamber under lab conditions.According to experimental results,the Red Light(RL)group was conducive to the growth of broilers at 30 d of age with low NH3 emission concentration;the Green Light(GL)group inhibited the broiler growth;the Yellow Light(YL)group showed the highest average emission concentration of NH3 and lowest daily average emission concentration of CO_(2).According to the analysis of moisture content,pH value,and C/N in the broiler manure,it can be concluded that the physical and chemical properties of broiler defecation quantities were different under various light color illuminations,resulting in the difference in broiler growth conditions and harmful gas emissions.The study results could provide a research basis and ideas of reference to establish a relationship between LED illumination information,broiler growth performance,and harmful gas emission.