Studies on Reducing Nitrogen Excretion: Ⅰ. Net Energy Requirement of Finishing Pigs Maximizing Performance and Carcass Quality Fed Low Crude Protein Diets Supplemented with Crystalline Amino Acids

Two experiments were conducted to in- vestigate the effects of net energy （NE） level on the performance and carcass traits of finishing pigs fed low crude protein （CP） diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids （CAA）. A total of 216 （Exp. 1） and 360 （Exp. 2 ） barrows （ Yorkshire × Landrace× Duroc ） were allotted to one of six treatments （n =6）. The experimental diets were based on corn and soybean meal, and consisted of a high-CP diet that contained approximately 16% CP and 2.50 Mcal/kg of NE as well as five low-CP diets in which the CP level of the diet was reduced by approximately four percentage units but was supplemented with crystalline lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan. The low CP diets provided 2.64, 2.58, 2.50, 2.42, or 2.36 Mcal/kg in Exp. 1 as well as 2.45, 2.40, 2.35, 2.30, or 2.25 Mcai/kg in Exp.2. In Exp. 1, a linear （P=0.03） increase in weight gain was observed with decreasing NE level while the ratio of gain to feed was unaffect- ed （P 〉 0.05） by NE level. There was a linear in-crease （P = 0.01 ） in the percentage of fat-free lean and a linear decrease （ P = 0.03 ） in the percentage of total fat with decreasing NE levels. In Exp. 2, a sig- nificant quadratic （ P = 0.03 ） effect of NE level was observed for weight gain. The ratio of gain to feed demonstrated a significant （P 〈0.01 ） quadratic effect with pigs fed 2.35 and 2.40 Mcal/kg of NE, Pigs fed the diet containing 2.40 Mcal/kg of NE had the lowest percentage of total fat （36. 95% ） and the highest percentage of fat-free lean （49.36%）. The overall results of these experiments indicate that feed- ing either a surplus or a deficiency of NE is detrimen- tal to both pig performance and carcass composition when low CP diets supplemented with CAA are fed. Our results indicate that when the CP content of the diet is reduced by four percentage units and the diet is properly supplemented with CAA, maximum per- formance and carcass quality will be obtained if the diet provides approximately 2.42 Mcal/kg of NE.

Green tea polyphenols supplementation alters immunometabolism and oxidative stress in dairy cows with hyperketonemia

Peripartal cows often experience negative energy balance,and are therefore prone to suffering from metabolic diseases such as hyperketonemia,which causes financial losses in dairy farms.This study aimed to investigate the effect of green tea polyphenol(GTP)supplementation during the periparturient period on production performance,oxidative stress and immunometabolism in dairy cows with hyperketonemia.One hundred Holstein cows were assigned to GTP(0.2 g/kg DM;n=50)or control(without GTP;n=50)group based on body weight,previous milk yield,and parity on d 15 before expected parturition.Subsequently,10 cows with hyperketonemia were selected from each group,according to bloodβ-hydroxybutyric acid(BHBA)concentration between 1.2 and 2.9 mmol/L from 2 to 3 d postpartum.All cows were fed a close-up diet and a lactation diet with or without GTP supply from 15 d prepartum until 30 d postpartum.Milk and blood samples were obtained from 20 cows selected with hyperketonemia on 10,20,and 30 d postpartum.Compared with control cows,greater milk yield and lower somatic cell count were observed in GTP cows.The GTP group had lower concentrations of BHBA,free fatty acids,cholesterol,triglyceride,reactive oxygen species,malondialdehyde,and hydrogen peroxide,greater concentrations of glucose,lower activities of aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,and glutamyl transpeptidase,alongside greater ac-tivities of superoxide dismutase,glutathione peroxidase,and total antioxidant capacity.Additionally,GTP supplementation up-regulated concentrations of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10,but down-regulated concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-1β,interleukin-2,interleukin-8,and interferon-γin plasma.Greater concentrations of plasma immunoglobulin G were also detected in the GTP group.Overall,the data suggested that GTP supplementation from 15 d prepartum to 30 d postpartum improved the milk yield and health status in cows with hvoerketonemia during early lactation.

Similarity-based privacy protection for publishing k-anonymous trajectories

1 Introduction and main contributions The combination of location technology and wireless communication technology has spawned a number of location-based services(LBS).Trusted location service providers(LSP)obtain a large amount of users’trajectories.The knowledge obtained from mining trajectory data can be used in many fields and may lead to privacy disclosure of users.The data owner(LSP)should process the trajectory data to protect privacy before publishing.Clusterreconstruction of trajectories is a common privacy protection method for publishing trajectories.

The antiviral effect of jiadifenoic acids C against coxsackievirus B3

Coxsackievirus B type 3(CVB3)is one of the major causative pathogens associated with viral meningitis and myocarditis,which are widespread in the human population and especially prevalent in neonates and children.These infections can result in dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM)and other severe clinical complications.There are no vaccines or drugs approved for the prevention or therapy of CVB3-induced diseases.During screening for anti-CVB3 candidates in our previous studies,we found that jiadifenoic acids C exhibited strong antiviral activities against CVB3 as well as other strains of Coxsackie B viruses(CVBs).The present studies were carried out to evaluate the antiviral activities of jiadifenoic acids C.Results showed that jiadifenoic acids C could reduce CVB3 RNA and proteins synthesis in a dose-dependent manner.Jiadifenoic acids C also had a similar antiviral effect on the pleconaril-resistant variant of CVB3.We further examined the impact of jiadifenoic acids C on the synthesis of viral structural and non-structural proteins,finding that jiadifenoic acids C could reduce VP1 and 3D protein production.A time-course study with Vero cells showed that jiadifenoic acids C displayed significant antiviral activities at 0–6 h after CVB3 inoculation,indicating that jiadifenoic acids C functioned at an early step of CVB3 replication.However,jiadifenoic acids C had no prophylactic effect against CVB3.Taken together,we show that jiadifenoic acids C exhibit strong antiviral activities against all strains of CVB,including the pleconaril-resistant variant.Our study could provide a significant lead for anti-CVB3 drug development.