Meniscus behaviors and capillary pressures in capillary channels having various cross-sectional geometries

A numerical study has been conducted to simulate the liquid/gas interface(meniscus) behaviors and capillary pressures in various capillary channels using the volume of fluid(VOF) method. Calculations are performed for four channels whose cross-sectional shapes are circle, regular hexagon, square and equilateral triangle and for four solid/liquid contact angles of 30°, 60°, 120° and 150°. No calculation is needed for the contact angle of 90° because the liquid/gas interface in this case can be thought to be a plane surface. In the calculations, the liquid/gas interface in each channel is assumed to have a flat surface at the initial time, it changes towards its due shape thereafter, which is induced by the combined action of the surface tension and contact angle. After experiencing a period of damped oscillation, it stabilizes at a certain geometry. The interface dynamics and capillary pressures are compared among different channels under three categories including the equal inscribed circle radius, equal area, and equal circumscribed circle radius. The capillary pressure in the circular channel obtained from the simulation agrees well with that given by the Young–Laplace equation, supporting the reliability of the numerical model. The channels with equal inscribed circle radius yield the closest capillary pressures, while those with equal circumscribed circle radius give the most scattered capillary pressures,with those with equal area living in between. A correlation is developed to calculate the equivalent radius of a polygonal channel, which can be used to compute the capillary pressure in such a channel by combination with the Young–Laplace equation.

Genome-wide identification of agronomically important genes in outcrossing crops using OutcrossSeq

Many important crops(e.g.,tuber,root,and tree crops)are cross-pollinating.For these crops,no inbred lines are available for genetic study and breeding because they are self-incompatible,clonally propagated,or have a long generation time,making the identification of agronomically important genes difficult,particularly in crops with a complex autopolyploid genome.In this study,we developed a method,OutcrossSeq,for mapping agronomically important loci in outcrossing crops based on whole-genome low-coverage resequencing of a large genetic population,and designed three computation algorithms in OutcrossSeq for different types of outcrossing populations.We applied OutcrossSeq to a tuberous root crop(sweet potato,autopolyploid),a tree crop(walnut tree,highly heterozygous diploid),and hybrid crops(double-cross populations)to generate high-density genotype maps for the outcrossing populations,which enable precise identification of genomic loci underlying important agronomic traits.Candidate causative genes at these loci were detected based on functional clues.Taken together,our results indicate that OutcrossSeq is a robust and powerful method for identifying agronomically important genes in heterozygous species,including polyploids,in a cost-efficient way.The OutcrossSeq software and its instruction manual are available for downloading at www.xhhuanglab.cn/tool/OutcrossSeq.html.

Investigation on the laser ablation of SiC ceramics using micro-Raman mapping technique

关于激光脱离行为的研究当在空格和激光的高效的镜子，或激光出现，原文如此，陶艺为他们的反激光能力的改进有大意义微用机器制造的技术作为在微电子的机械系统(MEMS ) 的电子部件。在这个工作，激光脱离原文如此，陶艺被在 1064 nm 使用 12 ns 持续时间的激光脉搏执行了。激光在 0.1 J/cm 2 下面导致了损坏阀值(LIDT ) 被 1-on-1 模式和它的损坏形态学获得出现在与一条清楚的边界烧坑形式。印射技术的 Micro-Raman 首先在激光脱离机制上在我们的学习被介绍原文如此由识别在未受损伤、切除激光的区域之间的物理、化学的变化出现。在脱离过程期间，原文如此，表面主要经历了分解到元素的 Si 和 C，这被结束了，由水晶取向的某转变伴随了。氧化也原文如此发生了但是仅仅在目标区域的边上的小数量，当有时，不与更高的精力密度在中心 SiO 2提示，也许因为在切除区域的 O 2空气的缺乏，由在从 633～779 的 1505 ng 的碳的 SiO 2的消除?作文。Th 蹘 ? 蹘？？