Stem cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine because of their ability to self-renew and to differentiate into various cell types. Although embryonic stem cells （BSC） have greater differentiation potential...Stem cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine because of their ability to self-renew and to differentiate into various cell types. Although embryonic stem cells （BSC） have greater differentiation potential than adult stem cells, the former is lagging in reaching clinical applications because of ethical concerns and governmental restrictions. Bone marrow stem cells （BMSC） are the best-studied adult stem cells （ASC） and have the potential to treat a wide variety of diseases, including erectile dysfunction （ED） and male infertility. More recently discovered adipose tissuederived stem cells （ADSC） are virtually identical to bone marrow stem cells in differentiation and therapeutic potential, but are easier and safer to obtain, can be harvested in larger quantities, and have the associated benefit of reducing obesity. Therefore, ADSC appear to be a better choice for future clinical applications. We have previously shown that ESC could restore the erectile function of neurogenic ED in rats, and we now have evidence that ADSC could do so as well. We are also investigating whether ADSC can differentiate into Leydig, Sertoli and male germ cells. The eventual goal is to use ADSC to treat male infertility and testosterone deficiency. （Asian JAndrol 2008 Mar; 10： 171-175）展开更多
Advances in the neurobiology of growth factors, neural development, and prevention of cell death have resulted in a heightened clinical interest for the development of protective and regenerative neuromodulatory strat...Advances in the neurobiology of growth factors, neural development, and prevention of cell death have resulted in a heightened clinical interest for the development of protective and regenerative neuromodulatory strategies for the cavernous nerves （CNs）, as therapies for prostate cancer and other pelvic malignancies often result in neuronal damage and debilitating loss of sexual function. Nitric oxide released from the axonal end plates of these nerves within the corpora cavernosa causes relaxation of smooth muscle, initiating the haemodynamic changes of penile erection as well as contributing to maintained tumescence; the loss of CN function is primarily responsible for the development of erectile dysfunction （ED） after pelvic surgery and serves as the primary target for potential neuroprotective or regenerative strategies. Evidence from pre-clinical studies for select neuromodulatory approaches is reviewed, including neurotrophins, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors （GDNF）, bone morphogenic proteins, immunophilin ligands, erythropoetin （EPO）, and stem cells.展开更多
Stem cells are defined by their capacity for both self-renewal and directed differentiation; thus, they represent great promise for regenerative medicine. Historically, stem cells have been categorized as either embry...Stem cells are defined by their capacity for both self-renewal and directed differentiation; thus, they represent great promise for regenerative medicine. Historically, stem cells have been categorized as either embryonic stem cells （ESCs） or adult stem cells （ASCs）. It was previously believed that only ESCs hold the ability to differentiate into any cell type, whereas ASCs have the capacity to give rise only to cells of a given germ layer. More recently, however, numerous studies demonstrated the ability of ASCs to differentiate into cell types beyond their tissue origin. The aim of this review was to summarize contemporary evidence regarding stem cell availability, differentiation, and more specifically, the potential of these cells in the diagnosis and treatment of erectile dysfunction （ED） in both animal models and human research. We performed a search on PubMed for articles related to definition, iocalisation and circulation of stem cells as well as the application of stem cells in both diagnosis and treatment of ED. Strong evidence supports the concept that stem cell therapy is potentially the next therapeutic approach for ED. To date, a large spectrum of stem cells, including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, adipose tissue-derived stem cells and muscle-derived stem cells, have been investigated for neural, vascular, endothelial or smooth muscle regeneration in animal models for ED. In addition, several subtypes of ASCs are localized in the penis, and circulating endogenous stem cells can be employed to predict the outcome of ED and ED-related cardiovascular diseases.展开更多
The pathophysiology of LaPeyronie＇s disease （PD） is considered to be multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, trauma, inflammation and altered wound healing. However, these factors have not yet been valida...The pathophysiology of LaPeyronie＇s disease （PD） is considered to be multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, trauma, inflammation and altered wound healing. However, these factors have not yet been validated using animal models. In this study, we have presented a new model obtained by tunica albuginea allograft. A total of 40, 16-week-old male rats were used. Of these, 8 rats served as controls and underwent a 10 × 2-mm-wide tunical excisionwith subsequent autografting, whereas the remaining 32 underwent the same excision with grafting of the defect with another rat＇s tunica. Morphological and functional testing was performed at 1, 3, 7 and 12 weeks after grafting. Intracavernous pressure, the degree of penile curvature and elastic fiber length were evaluated for comparison between the allograft and control groups. The tissues were obtained for histological examination. The penile curvature was significantly greater in the allografted rats as compared with the control rats. The erectile function was maintained in all rats, except in those assessed at 12 weeks. The elastin fiber length was decreased in the allografted tunica as compared to control. SMAD2 expression was detected in the inner part of the allograff, and both collagen-Ⅱ- and osteocalcin-positive cells were also noted. Tunica albuginea （TA） allograft in rats is an excellent model of PD. The persistence of curvature beyond 12 weeks and the presence of ossification in the inner layer of the TA were similar to those observed in men with PD. Validation studies using this animal model would aid understanding of the PD pathophysiology for effective therapeutic interventions.展开更多
In regard to erectile function, Yin is flaccidity and Yang erection. In the past decade, research has mostly focused on the Yang aspect of erectile function. However, in recent years, the Yin side is attracting increa...In regard to erectile function, Yin is flaccidity and Yang erection. In the past decade, research has mostly focused on the Yang aspect of erectile function. However, in recent years, the Yin side is attracting increasingly greater attention. This is due to the realization that penile flaccidity is no less important than penile erection and is actively maintained by mechanisms that play critical roles in certain types of erectile dysfunction （ED）; for example, in diabetic patients. In addition, there is evidence that the Yin and Yang signaling pathways interact with each other during the transition from flaccidity to erection, and vice versa. As such, it is important that we view erectile function from not only the Yang but also the Yin side. The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the Yin and Yang of the penis. Emphasis is given to the Rho kinase signaling pathway that regulates the Yin, and to the cyclic nucleotide signaling pathway that regulates the Yang. Discussion is organized in such a way so as to follow the signaling cascade, that is, beginning with the extracellular signaling molecules （e.g., norepinephrin and nitric oxide） and their receptors, converging onto the intracellular effectors （e.g., Rho kinase and protein kinase G）, branching into secondary effectors, and finishing with contractile molecules and phosphodiesterases. Interactions between the Yin and Yang signaling pathways are discussed as well.展开更多
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a promising therapy that has been increasingly explored in basic research and clinical applications. LIPUS is an appealing therapeutic option as it is a noninvasive treatment...Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a promising therapy that has been increasingly explored in basic research and clinical applications. LIPUS is an appealing therapeutic option as it is a noninvasive treatment that has many advantages, including no risk of infection or tissue damage and no known adverse reactions. LIPUS has been shown to have many benefits including promotion of tissue healing, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration;inhibition of inflammation and pain relief;and stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. The biophysical mechanisms of LIPUS remain unclear and the studies are ongoing. In recent years, more and more research has focused on the relationship between LIPUS and stem/progenitor cells. A comprehensive search of the PubMed and Embase databases to July 2020 was performed. LIPUS has many effects on stem cells. Studies show that LIPUS can stimulate stem cells in vitro;promote stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration;maintain stem cell activity;alleviate the problems of insufficient seed cell source, differentiation, and maturation;and circumvent the low efficiency of stem cell transplantation. The mechanisms involved in the effects of LIPUS are not fully understood, but the effects demonstrated in studies thus far have been favorable. Much additional research is needed before LIPUS can progress from basic science research to large-scale clinical dissemination and application.展开更多
1|INTRODUCTION.After few years without in-person meeting during the American Urological Association(AUA)due to COVID-19 pandemic,the world's brightest Chinese urologists and urological researchers gathered again.O...1|INTRODUCTION.After few years without in-person meeting during the American Urological Association(AUA)due to COVID-19 pandemic,the world's brightest Chinese urologists and urological researchers gathered again.On May 3,2024,the 16th Annual Meeting of the World Chinese Urological Society(WCUS)was successfully held in San Antonio,USA.This conference attracted Chinese experts and scholars from the field of urology around the world to discuss and share the latest academic achievements and research advancements.This significant event provided an important academic exchange platform for Chinese urology experts globally.展开更多
San Antonio,May 3,2024—The 16th Annual meeting of the World Chinese Urological Society(WCUS)was successfully held in San Antonio,drawing together experts and scholars from around the globe in the field of Chinese uro...San Antonio,May 3,2024—The 16th Annual meeting of the World Chinese Urological Society(WCUS)was successfully held in San Antonio,drawing together experts and scholars from around the globe in the field of Chinese urology.This conference served as a platform for academic exchange,as well as an occasion for medical professionals of Chinese descent to learn from,inspire,and motivate one another.Such events are crucial for advancing research and clinical practice in Chinese urology worldwide,and the success of this conference signals a bright and progressive future for the field.展开更多
Transplanted stem cells （SCs）, owing to their regenerative capacity, represent one of the most promising methods to restore erectile dysfunction （ED）. However, insufficient source, invasive procedures, ethical and...Transplanted stem cells （SCs）, owing to their regenerative capacity, represent one of the most promising methods to restore erectile dysfunction （ED）. However, insufficient source, invasive procedures, ethical and regulatory issues hamper their use in clinical applications. The endogenous SCs/progenitor cells resident in organ and tissues play critical roles for organogenesis during development and for tissue homeostasis in adulthood. Even without any therapeutic intervention, human body has a robust self-healing capability to repair the damaged tissues or organs. Therefore, SCs-for-ED therapy should not be limited to a supply-side approach. The resident endogenous SCs existing in patients could also be a potential target for ED therapy. The aim of this review was to summarize contemporary evidence regarding： （1） SC niche and SC biological features in vitro; （2） localization and mobilization of endogenous SCs; （3） existing evidence of penile endogenous SCs and their possible mode of mobilization. We performed a search on PubMed for articles related to these aspects in a wide range of basic studies. Together, numerous evidences hold the promise that endogenous SCs would be a novel therapeutic approach for the therapy of ED.展开更多
Schwann cells （SCs） are the principal gila of the peripheral nervous system. The end point of SC development is the formation of myelinating and nonmyelinating cells which ensheath large and small diameter axons, re...Schwann cells （SCs） are the principal gila of the peripheral nervous system. The end point of SC development is the formation of myelinating and nonmyelinating cells which ensheath large and small diameter axons, respectively. They play an important role in axon regeneration after injury, including cavernous nerve injury that leads to erectile dysfunction （ED）. Despite improvement in radical prostatectomy surgical techniques, many patients still suffer from ED postoperatively as surgical trauma causes traction injuries and local inflammatory changes in the neuronal microenvironment of the autonomic fibers innervating the penis resulting in pathophysiological alterations in the end organ. The aim of this review is to summarize contemporary evidence regarding： （1） the origin and development of SCs in the peripheral and penile nerve system; （2） Wallerian degeneration and SC plastic change following peripheral and penile nerve injury; （3） how SCs promote peripheral and penile nerve regeneration by secreting neurotrophic factors; （4） and strategies targeting SCs to accelerate peripheral nerve regeneration. We searched PubMed for articles related to these topics in both animal models and human research and found numerous studies suggesting that SCs could be a novel target for treatment of nerve injury-induced ED.展开更多
The World Chinese Urological Society(WCUS)stands as a dynamic and influential force in uniting professionals of Chinese descent from around the globe.Established with the vision of fostering collaboration,innovation,a...The World Chinese Urological Society(WCUS)stands as a dynamic and influential force in uniting professionals of Chinese descent from around the globe.Established with the vision of fostering collaboration,innovation,and knowledge exchange,WCUS serves as a beacon of excellence within the urological community.By providing a forum for urologists,andrologists,and urology/andrology scientists,WCUS is a crucible for exchanging cutting‐edge research,groundbreaking techniques,and clinical insights.展开更多
More than 100 years ago,urology was recognized as an independent specialty.It is a dynamic and rapidly evolving field that plays a critical role in the diagnosis,treatment,and management of a wide range of urologic di...More than 100 years ago,urology was recognized as an independent specialty.It is a dynamic and rapidly evolving field that plays a critical role in the diagnosis,treatment,and management of a wide range of urologic disorders.Over the past few decades,a splendid range of diagnostic options and therapeutic strategies in urooncology,endourology,female urology,and andrology has emerged.In particular,the explosion in precision medicine in the field of urology has revolutionized the way urologic malignancies are treated,and has led research and discovery on a new journey.展开更多
Laparoscopic surgery allows patients to undergo minimally invasive surgeries with reduced pain,shorter hospital stays,and faster recovery times.Because modern laparoscopic surgeries were introduced by Kurt Semm in the...Laparoscopic surgery allows patients to undergo minimally invasive surgeries with reduced pain,shorter hospital stays,and faster recovery times.Because modern laparoscopic surgeries were introduced by Kurt Semm in the 1970s,[1]the development of laparoscopic surgery has been remarkable.In 1993,Rovetta et al.[2]reported the first telesurgery with robotic laparoscopy by means of satellite and optical fibers networks.Wireless laparoscopic surgery technology has since received extensive attention worldwide.However,the application of wireless endoscopic devices has been limited by the relatively low data transmission efficiency,which has restricted the rapid adaptation of this technology.[3,4]展开更多
文摘Stem cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine because of their ability to self-renew and to differentiate into various cell types. Although embryonic stem cells （BSC） have greater differentiation potential than adult stem cells, the former is lagging in reaching clinical applications because of ethical concerns and governmental restrictions. Bone marrow stem cells （BMSC） are the best-studied adult stem cells （ASC） and have the potential to treat a wide variety of diseases, including erectile dysfunction （ED） and male infertility. More recently discovered adipose tissuederived stem cells （ADSC） are virtually identical to bone marrow stem cells in differentiation and therapeutic potential, but are easier and safer to obtain, can be harvested in larger quantities, and have the associated benefit of reducing obesity. Therefore, ADSC appear to be a better choice for future clinical applications. We have previously shown that ESC could restore the erectile function of neurogenic ED in rats, and we now have evidence that ADSC could do so as well. We are also investigating whether ADSC can differentiate into Leydig, Sertoli and male germ cells. The eventual goal is to use ADSC to treat male infertility and testosterone deficiency. （Asian JAndrol 2008 Mar; 10： 171-175）
文摘Advances in the neurobiology of growth factors, neural development, and prevention of cell death have resulted in a heightened clinical interest for the development of protective and regenerative neuromodulatory strategies for the cavernous nerves （CNs）, as therapies for prostate cancer and other pelvic malignancies often result in neuronal damage and debilitating loss of sexual function. Nitric oxide released from the axonal end plates of these nerves within the corpora cavernosa causes relaxation of smooth muscle, initiating the haemodynamic changes of penile erection as well as contributing to maintained tumescence; the loss of CN function is primarily responsible for the development of erectile dysfunction （ED） after pelvic surgery and serves as the primary target for potential neuroprotective or regenerative strategies. Evidence from pre-clinical studies for select neuromodulatory approaches is reviewed, including neurotrophins, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors （GDNF）, bone morphogenic proteins, immunophilin ligands, erythropoetin （EPO）, and stem cells.
文摘Stem cells are defined by their capacity for both self-renewal and directed differentiation; thus, they represent great promise for regenerative medicine. Historically, stem cells have been categorized as either embryonic stem cells （ESCs） or adult stem cells （ASCs）. It was previously believed that only ESCs hold the ability to differentiate into any cell type, whereas ASCs have the capacity to give rise only to cells of a given germ layer. More recently, however, numerous studies demonstrated the ability of ASCs to differentiate into cell types beyond their tissue origin. The aim of this review was to summarize contemporary evidence regarding stem cell availability, differentiation, and more specifically, the potential of these cells in the diagnosis and treatment of erectile dysfunction （ED） in both animal models and human research. We performed a search on PubMed for articles related to definition, iocalisation and circulation of stem cells as well as the application of stem cells in both diagnosis and treatment of ED. Strong evidence supports the concept that stem cell therapy is potentially the next therapeutic approach for ED. To date, a large spectrum of stem cells, including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, adipose tissue-derived stem cells and muscle-derived stem cells, have been investigated for neural, vascular, endothelial or smooth muscle regeneration in animal models for ED. In addition, several subtypes of ASCs are localized in the penis, and circulating endogenous stem cells can be employed to predict the outcome of ED and ED-related cardiovascular diseases.
文摘The pathophysiology of LaPeyronie＇s disease （PD） is considered to be multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, trauma, inflammation and altered wound healing. However, these factors have not yet been validated using animal models. In this study, we have presented a new model obtained by tunica albuginea allograft. A total of 40, 16-week-old male rats were used. Of these, 8 rats served as controls and underwent a 10 × 2-mm-wide tunical excisionwith subsequent autografting, whereas the remaining 32 underwent the same excision with grafting of the defect with another rat＇s tunica. Morphological and functional testing was performed at 1, 3, 7 and 12 weeks after grafting. Intracavernous pressure, the degree of penile curvature and elastic fiber length were evaluated for comparison between the allograft and control groups. The tissues were obtained for histological examination. The penile curvature was significantly greater in the allografted rats as compared with the control rats. The erectile function was maintained in all rats, except in those assessed at 12 weeks. The elastin fiber length was decreased in the allografted tunica as compared to control. SMAD2 expression was detected in the inner part of the allograff, and both collagen-Ⅱ- and osteocalcin-positive cells were also noted. Tunica albuginea （TA） allograft in rats is an excellent model of PD. The persistence of curvature beyond 12 weeks and the presence of ossification in the inner layer of the TA were similar to those observed in men with PD. Validation studies using this animal model would aid understanding of the PD pathophysiology for effective therapeutic interventions.
文摘In regard to erectile function, Yin is flaccidity and Yang erection. In the past decade, research has mostly focused on the Yang aspect of erectile function. However, in recent years, the Yin side is attracting increasingly greater attention. This is due to the realization that penile flaccidity is no less important than penile erection and is actively maintained by mechanisms that play critical roles in certain types of erectile dysfunction （ED）; for example, in diabetic patients. In addition, there is evidence that the Yin and Yang signaling pathways interact with each other during the transition from flaccidity to erection, and vice versa. As such, it is important that we view erectile function from not only the Yang but also the Yin side. The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the Yin and Yang of the penis. Emphasis is given to the Rho kinase signaling pathway that regulates the Yin, and to the cyclic nucleotide signaling pathway that regulates the Yang. Discussion is organized in such a way so as to follow the signaling cascade, that is, beginning with the extracellular signaling molecules （e.g., norepinephrin and nitric oxide） and their receptors, converging onto the intracellular effectors （e.g., Rho kinase and protein kinase G）, branching into secondary effectors, and finishing with contractile molecules and phosphodiesterases. Interactions between the Yin and Yang signaling pathways are discussed as well.
基金This article was supported by China Scholarship Council(No.201808420351)。
文摘Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a promising therapy that has been increasingly explored in basic research and clinical applications. LIPUS is an appealing therapeutic option as it is a noninvasive treatment that has many advantages, including no risk of infection or tissue damage and no known adverse reactions. LIPUS has been shown to have many benefits including promotion of tissue healing, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration;inhibition of inflammation and pain relief;and stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. The biophysical mechanisms of LIPUS remain unclear and the studies are ongoing. In recent years, more and more research has focused on the relationship between LIPUS and stem/progenitor cells. A comprehensive search of the PubMed and Embase databases to July 2020 was performed. LIPUS has many effects on stem cells. Studies show that LIPUS can stimulate stem cells in vitro;promote stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration;maintain stem cell activity;alleviate the problems of insufficient seed cell source, differentiation, and maturation;and circumvent the low efficiency of stem cell transplantation. The mechanisms involved in the effects of LIPUS are not fully understood, but the effects demonstrated in studies thus far have been favorable. Much additional research is needed before LIPUS can progress from basic science research to large-scale clinical dissemination and application.
文摘1|INTRODUCTION.After few years without in-person meeting during the American Urological Association(AUA)due to COVID-19 pandemic,the world's brightest Chinese urologists and urological researchers gathered again.On May 3,2024,the 16th Annual Meeting of the World Chinese Urological Society(WCUS)was successfully held in San Antonio,USA.This conference attracted Chinese experts and scholars from the field of urology around the world to discuss and share the latest academic achievements and research advancements.This significant event provided an important academic exchange platform for Chinese urology experts globally.
文摘San Antonio,May 3,2024—The 16th Annual meeting of the World Chinese Urological Society(WCUS)was successfully held in San Antonio,drawing together experts and scholars from around the globe in the field of Chinese urology.This conference served as a platform for academic exchange,as well as an occasion for medical professionals of Chinese descent to learn from,inspire,and motivate one another.Such events are crucial for advancing research and clinical practice in Chinese urology worldwide,and the success of this conference signals a bright and progressive future for the field.
文摘Transplanted stem cells （SCs）, owing to their regenerative capacity, represent one of the most promising methods to restore erectile dysfunction （ED）. However, insufficient source, invasive procedures, ethical and regulatory issues hamper their use in clinical applications. The endogenous SCs/progenitor cells resident in organ and tissues play critical roles for organogenesis during development and for tissue homeostasis in adulthood. Even without any therapeutic intervention, human body has a robust self-healing capability to repair the damaged tissues or organs. Therefore, SCs-for-ED therapy should not be limited to a supply-side approach. The resident endogenous SCs existing in patients could also be a potential target for ED therapy. The aim of this review was to summarize contemporary evidence regarding： （1） SC niche and SC biological features in vitro; （2） localization and mobilization of endogenous SCs; （3） existing evidence of penile endogenous SCs and their possible mode of mobilization. We performed a search on PubMed for articles related to these aspects in a wide range of basic studies. Together, numerous evidences hold the promise that endogenous SCs would be a novel therapeutic approach for the therapy of ED.
文摘Schwann cells （SCs） are the principal gila of the peripheral nervous system. The end point of SC development is the formation of myelinating and nonmyelinating cells which ensheath large and small diameter axons, respectively. They play an important role in axon regeneration after injury, including cavernous nerve injury that leads to erectile dysfunction （ED）. Despite improvement in radical prostatectomy surgical techniques, many patients still suffer from ED postoperatively as surgical trauma causes traction injuries and local inflammatory changes in the neuronal microenvironment of the autonomic fibers innervating the penis resulting in pathophysiological alterations in the end organ. The aim of this review is to summarize contemporary evidence regarding： （1） the origin and development of SCs in the peripheral and penile nerve system; （2） Wallerian degeneration and SC plastic change following peripheral and penile nerve injury; （3） how SCs promote peripheral and penile nerve regeneration by secreting neurotrophic factors; （4） and strategies targeting SCs to accelerate peripheral nerve regeneration. We searched PubMed for articles related to these topics in both animal models and human research and found numerous studies suggesting that SCs could be a novel target for treatment of nerve injury-induced ED.
文摘The World Chinese Urological Society(WCUS)stands as a dynamic and influential force in uniting professionals of Chinese descent from around the globe.Established with the vision of fostering collaboration,innovation,and knowledge exchange,WCUS serves as a beacon of excellence within the urological community.By providing a forum for urologists,andrologists,and urology/andrology scientists,WCUS is a crucible for exchanging cutting‐edge research,groundbreaking techniques,and clinical insights.
文摘More than 100 years ago,urology was recognized as an independent specialty.It is a dynamic and rapidly evolving field that plays a critical role in the diagnosis,treatment,and management of a wide range of urologic disorders.Over the past few decades,a splendid range of diagnostic options and therapeutic strategies in urooncology,endourology,female urology,and andrology has emerged.In particular,the explosion in precision medicine in the field of urology has revolutionized the way urologic malignancies are treated,and has led research and discovery on a new journey.
基金funded by the Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number 1R01DK124609.
文摘Laparoscopic surgery allows patients to undergo minimally invasive surgeries with reduced pain,shorter hospital stays,and faster recovery times.Because modern laparoscopic surgeries were introduced by Kurt Semm in the 1970s,[1]the development of laparoscopic surgery has been remarkable.In 1993,Rovetta et al.[2]reported the first telesurgery with robotic laparoscopy by means of satellite and optical fibers networks.Wireless laparoscopic surgery technology has since received extensive attention worldwide.However,the application of wireless endoscopic devices has been limited by the relatively low data transmission efficiency,which has restricted the rapid adaptation of this technology.[3,4]
