Background:Dry eye disease(DED)is a commonly reported ocular complaint that has garnered significant attention in recent research.The global occurrence of DED ranges from 5%to 50%,impacting a substantial proportion of...Background:Dry eye disease(DED)is a commonly reported ocular complaint that has garnered significant attention in recent research.The global occurrence of DED ranges from 5%to 50%,impacting a substantial proportion of individuals worldwide with increasing frequency.Although topical administration remains the mainstream drug delivery method for ocular diseases,it suffers from drawbacks such as low bioavailability,rapid drug metabolism,and frequent administration requirements.Fortunately,the advancements in nanomedicine offer effective solutions to address the aforementioned issues and provide significant assistance in the treatment of DED.Main text:DED is considered a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface and tear film,in which the integrity of tear film function and structure plays a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of the ocular surface.The conventional treatment for DED involves the utilization of artificial tear products,cyclosporin,corticosteroids,mucin secretagogues,and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.Furthermore,nanomedicine is presently a sig-nificant field of study,with numerous clinical trials underway for various nanotherapeutics including nano-emulsions,nanosuspensions,liposomes,and micelles.Notably,some of these innovative nanoformulations have already received FDA approval as novel remedies for DED,and the advancement of nanomedicine is poised to offer enhanced prospects to solve the shortcomings of existing treatments for DED partially.Conclusions:This article provides an overview of the latest advancements in nanomedicine for DED treatment,while the field of DED treatment is expected to witness a remarkable breakthrough shortly with the development of nanomedicine,bringing promising prospects for patients worldwide suffering conditions.展开更多
Theσ-bond activation by main group element has received enormous attention from theoretical and experimental chemists.Here,the reaction of C-X(X=Cl,Br,I)bonds in benzyl and allyl halides with a pincer-type phosphorus...Theσ-bond activation by main group element has received enormous attention from theoretical and experimental chemists.Here,the reaction of C-X(X=Cl,Br,I)bonds in benzyl and allyl halides with a pincer-type phosphorus(Ⅲ)species was reported.A series of structurally robust phosphorus(Ⅴ)compounds were formed via the formal oxidative addition reactions of C-X bonds to the phosphorus(Ⅲ)center.Density functional theory calculations show that the nucleophilic addition process is more favorable than the direct oxidative addition mechanism.Isomerization of bent structures of phosphorus(Ⅲ)compound to poorly nucleophilic compounds to undergo further C-X bond activation can be rationalized by frontier molecule orbital analysis.This study not only provides a deep understanding of the reactivity of phosphorus(Ⅲ)species but also demonstrates a potential of main group elements for the small-molecule activation.展开更多
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(Grant number 2024C03073)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant numbers 82271063,82271064,82070939,and 22005265)the Natural Science Foun-dation of Zhejiang Province(Grant number LR23H120001).
文摘Background:Dry eye disease(DED)is a commonly reported ocular complaint that has garnered significant attention in recent research.The global occurrence of DED ranges from 5%to 50%,impacting a substantial proportion of individuals worldwide with increasing frequency.Although topical administration remains the mainstream drug delivery method for ocular diseases,it suffers from drawbacks such as low bioavailability,rapid drug metabolism,and frequent administration requirements.Fortunately,the advancements in nanomedicine offer effective solutions to address the aforementioned issues and provide significant assistance in the treatment of DED.Main text:DED is considered a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface and tear film,in which the integrity of tear film function and structure plays a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of the ocular surface.The conventional treatment for DED involves the utilization of artificial tear products,cyclosporin,corticosteroids,mucin secretagogues,and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.Furthermore,nanomedicine is presently a sig-nificant field of study,with numerous clinical trials underway for various nanotherapeutics including nano-emulsions,nanosuspensions,liposomes,and micelles.Notably,some of these innovative nanoformulations have already received FDA approval as novel remedies for DED,and the advancement of nanomedicine is poised to offer enhanced prospects to solve the shortcomings of existing treatments for DED partially.Conclusions:This article provides an overview of the latest advancements in nanomedicine for DED treatment,while the field of DED treatment is expected to witness a remarkable breakthrough shortly with the development of nanomedicine,bringing promising prospects for patients worldwide suffering conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21772088 and 21573179)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20170635)the Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program of China Association of Science and Technology,the program of Jiangsu SpeciallyAppointed Professor and Shuangchuang Talent Plan of Jiangsu Province。
文摘Theσ-bond activation by main group element has received enormous attention from theoretical and experimental chemists.Here,the reaction of C-X(X=Cl,Br,I)bonds in benzyl and allyl halides with a pincer-type phosphorus(Ⅲ)species was reported.A series of structurally robust phosphorus(Ⅴ)compounds were formed via the formal oxidative addition reactions of C-X bonds to the phosphorus(Ⅲ)center.Density functional theory calculations show that the nucleophilic addition process is more favorable than the direct oxidative addition mechanism.Isomerization of bent structures of phosphorus(Ⅲ)compound to poorly nucleophilic compounds to undergo further C-X bond activation can be rationalized by frontier molecule orbital analysis.This study not only provides a deep understanding of the reactivity of phosphorus(Ⅲ)species but also demonstrates a potential of main group elements for the small-molecule activation.
