Targeting Kindlin-2 in adipocytes increases bone mass through inhibiting FAS/PPARγ/FABP4 signaling in mice

Osteoporosis(OP)is a systemic skeletal disease that primarily affects the elderly population,which greatly increases the risk of fractures.Here we report that Kindlin-2 expression in adipose tissue increases during aging and high-fat diet fed and is accompanied by decreased bone mass.Kindlin-2 specific deletion(K2KO)controlled by Adipoq-Cre mice or adipose tissue-targeting AAV(AAV-Rec2-CasRx-sgK2)significantly increases bone mass.Mechanistically,Kindlin-2 promotes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ)activation and downstream fatty acid binding protein 4(FABP4)expression through stabilizing fatty acid synthase(FAS),and increased FABP4 inhibits insulin expression and decreases bone mass.Kindlin-2 inhibition results in accelerated FAS degradation,decreased PPARγactivation and FABP4 expression,and therefore increased insulin expression and bone mass.Interestingly,we find that FABP4 is increased while insulin is decreased in serum of OP patients.Increased FABP4 expression through PPARγactivation by rosiglitazone reverses the high bone mass phenotype of K2KO mice.Inhibition of FAS by C75 phenocopies the high bone mass phenotype of K2KO mice.Collectively,our study establishes a novel Kindlin-2/FAS/PPARγ/FABP4/insulin axis in adipose tissue modulating bone mass and strongly indicates that FAS and Kindlin-2 are new potential targets and C75 or AAV-Rec2-CasRx-sgK2 treatment are potential strategies for OP treatment.

A novel sprayable thermosensitive hydrogel coupled with zinc modified metformin promotes the healing of skin wound

A novel sprayable adhesive is established(ZnMet-PF127)by the combination of a thermosensitive hydrogel(Pluronic F127,PF127)and a coordination complex of zinc and metformin(ZnMet).Here we demonstrate that ZnMet-PF127 potently promotes the healing of traumatic skin defect and burn skin injury by promoting cell proliferation,angiogenesis,collagen formation.Furthermore,we find that ZnMet could inhibit reactive oxygen species(ROS)production through activation of autophagy,thereby protecting cell from oxidative stress induced damage and promoting healing of skin wound.ZnMet complex exerts better effects on promoting skin wound healing than ZnCl2 or metformin alone.ZnMet complex also displays excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli,which could reduce the incidence of skin wound infections.Collectively,we demonstrate that sprayable PF127 could be used as a new drug delivery system for treatment of skin injury.The advantages of this sprayable system are obvious:(1)It is convenient to use;(2)The hydrogel can cover irregular skin defect sites evenly in a liquid state.In combination with this system,we establish a novel sprayable adhesive(ZnMet-PF127)and demonstrate that it is a potential clinical treatment for traumatic skin defect and burn skin injury.

The role of E3 ubiquitin ligases in bone homeostasis and related diseases

The ubiquitin-proteasome system(UPS)dedicates to degrade intracellular proteins to modulate demic homeostasis and functions of organisms.These enzymatic cascades mark and modifies target proteins diversly through covalently binding ubiquitin molecules.In the UPS,E3 ubiquitin ligases are the crucial constituents by the advantage of recognizing and presenting proteins to proteasomes for proteolysis.As the major regulators of protein homeostasis,E3 ligases are indispensable to proper cell manners in diverse systems,and they are well described in physiological bone growth and bone metabolism.Pathologically,classic bone-related diseases such as metabolic bone diseases,arthritis,bone neoplasms and bone metastasis of the tumor,etc.,were also depicted in a UPS-dependent manner.Therefore,skeletal system is versatilely regulated by UPS and it is worthy to summarize the underlying mechanism.Furthermore,based on the current status of treatment,normal or pathological osteogenesis and tumorigenesis elaborated in this review highlight the clinical significance of UPS research.As a strategy possibly remedies the limitations of UPS treatment,emerging PROTAC was described comprehensively to illustrate its potential in clinical application.Altogether,the purpose of this review aims to provide more evidence for exploiting novel therapeutic strategies based on UPS for bone associated diseases.