Application of PDCA Cycle in Hand Hygiene Management of Psychiatric Medical Staff

Objective:To study the application effect of the plan-do-check-act(PDCA)cycle management in the hand hygiene management of psychiatric medical staff.Methods:One hundred and twenty medical staff from a psychiatric hospital from May 2023 to December 2023 were selected and divided into two groups.The control group(May 2023 to August 2023)applied the conventional management model,and the observation group(September 2023 to December 2023)applied the PDCA cycle management.The hand hygiene compliance,hand hygiene knowledge,and hygiene qualifications were compared,including the amount of hand sanitizer used.Results:The proportion of medical staff’s hand hygiene compliance and hand hygiene knowledge mastery scores in the observation group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05);the hand hygiene passing rate in the observation group was higher than that of the control group(P<0.05);the daily amount of hand sanitizer per patient bed and the amount of hand sanitizer used was higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The PDCA cycle management model for psychiatric medical staff promoted the improvement of hand hygiene compliance and increased their hand hygiene qualifications.It is suitable for further popularization and application in future clinical practice.

The effect of Typhoon Kalmaegi on the modal energy and period of internal waves near the Dongsha Islands(South China Sea)

The influence of Typhoon Kalmaegi on internal waves near the Dongsha Islands in the northeastern South China Sea was investigated using mooring observation data.We observed,for the first time,that the phenomenon of regular variation characteristics of the 14-d spring-neap cycle of diurnal internal tides(ITs)can be regulated by typhoons.The diurnal ITs lost the regular variation characteristics of the 14-d spring-neap cycle during the typhoon period owing to the weakening of diurnal coherent ITs,represented by O_(1)and K_(1),and the strengthening of diurnal incoherent ITs.Results of quantitative analysis showed that during the pre-typhoon period,timeaveraged modal kinetic energy(sum of Modes 1–5)of near-inertial internal waves(NIWs)and diurnal and semidiurnal ITs were 0.62 kJ/m^(2),5.66 kJ/m^(2),and 1.48 kJ/m^(2),respectively.However,during the typhoon period,the modal kinetic energy of NIWs increased 5.11 times,mainly due to the increase in high-mode kinetic energy.At the same time,the modal kinetic energy of diurnal and semidiurnal ITs was reduced by 68.9%and 20%,respectively,mainly due to the decrease in low-mode kinetic energy.The significantly reduced diurnal ITs during the typhoon period could be due to:(1)strong nonlinear interaction between diurnal ITs and NIWs,and(2)a higher proportion of high-mode diurnal ITs during the typhoon period,leading to more energy dissipation.

The vertical heat transport of internal solitary waves over the continental slope in the northern South China Sea

An integrated analysis of internal solitary wave(ISW) observations obtained from two moorings over the continental slope in the northern South China Sea(SCS) leads to an assessment of the vertical heat transport of the ISWs. The clusters of ISW packets are phase-locked to the fortnightly cycle of the semidiurnal tide. The ISWs appear during large semidiurnal tides, and there is a period of 5–6 d when no ISWs are observed. The effect of the ISWs on the continental slope heat budget is observed. The ISWs can modify a local temperature field in which the temperature in the upper layer can be changed by O(100) °C after the ISWs passed the mooring. Both ISWinduced diffusion and ISW-induced advection contribute to the temperature variation. The estimates imply an average vertical heat flux of 0.01 to 0.1 MW/m^2 in the ISWs in the upper 500 m of the water column. The vertical heat transport ranges from 0.56 to 2.83 GJ/m^2 with a mean value of 1.63 GJ/m^2. The observations suggest that the vertical heat transport is proportional to the maximum vertical displacement.

Modal structure and propagation of internal tides in the northeastern South China Sea

The evolution of energy, energy flux and modal structure of the internal tides (ITs) in the northeastern South China Sea is examined using the measurements at two moorings along a cross-slope section from the deep continental slope to the shallow continental shelf. The energy of both diurnal and semidiurnal ITs clearly shows a ~14-day spring-neap cycle, but their phases lag that of barotropic tides, indicating that ITs are not generated on the continental slope. Observations of internal tidal energy flux suggest that they may be generated at the Luzon Strait and propagate west-northwest to the continental slope in the northwestern SCS. Because the continental slope is critical-supercritical with respect to diurnal ITs, about 4.6 kJ/m^2 of the incident energy and 8.7 kW/m of energy flux of diurnal ITs are reduced from the continental slope to the continental shelf. In contrast, the semidiurnal internal tides enter the shelf because of the sub-critical topography with respect to semidiurnal ITs. From the continental slope to the shelf, the vertical structure of diurnal ITs shows significant variation, with dominant Mode 1 on the deep slope and dominant higher modes on the shelf. On the contrary, the vertical structure of the semidiurnal ITs is stable, with dominant Mode 1.

Vertical multiple-layer structure of temperature and turbulent diffusivity in the South China Sea

We report field measurements of vertical profiles of the turbulent diffusivity and temperature at different stations in the South China Sea(SCS).Our study shows that the measured turbulent diffusivity follows a power-law distribution with a varying exponent in water layers.Similar multiple-layer scaling regimes were also observed from the temperature fluctuations.Combining turbulent diffusivity and temperature fluctuations,the vertical structure of temperature was revealed.Furthermore,we discussed the temperature profiles in each layer.A constant function of a dimensionless temperature profile was found in water layers that have identical turbulence conditions.Our results reveal the multiple-layer structure of temperature in the SCS.This study contributes to the understanding of the vertical structure of multiple layers in the SCS and provides clues for exploring the physical mechanism for maintaining the temperature structure.

Eddy covariance measurements of turbulent fluxes in the surf zone

Turbulent eddies play a critical role in oceanic flows. Direct measurements of turbulent eddy fluxes beneath the sea surface were taken to study the direction of flux-carrying eddies as a means of supplementing our understanding of vertical fluxes exchange processes and their relationship to tides. The observations were made at 32 Hz at a water depth of ~1.5 m near the coast of Sanya, China, using an eddy covariance system, which mainly consists of an acoustic doppler velocimeter(ADV) and a fast temperature sensor. The cospectra-fit method-an established semi-empirical model of boundary layer turbulence to the measured turbulent cospectra at frequencies below those of surface gravity waves-was used in the presence of surface gravity waves to quantify the turbulent eddy fluxes(including turbulent heat flux and Reynolds stress). As much as 87% of the total turbulent stress and 88% of the total turbulent heat flux were determined as being at band frequencies below those of surface gravity waves. Both the turbulent heat flux and Reynolds stress showed a daily successive variation;the former peaked during the low tide period and the later peaked during the ebb tide period.Estimation of roll-off wavenumbers, k0, and roll-off wavelengths, λ0(where λ0=2π/k0), which were estimated as the horizontal length scales of the dominant flux-carrying turbulent eddies, indicated that the λ0 of the turbulent heat flux was approximately double that of the Reynolds stress. Wavelet analysis showed that both the turbulent heat flux and the Reynolds stress have a close relationship to the semi-diurnal and diurnal tides, and therefore indicate the energy that is transported from tides to turbulence.

The influence of turbulent mixing on the subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer in the northern South China Sea

We present observations from deployments of turbulent microstructure instrument and CTD package in the northern South China Sea from April to May 2010.From them we determined the turbulent mixing(dissipation rateεand diapycnal diffusivityκ),nutrients(phosphate,nitrate,and nitrite),nutrient fluxes,and chlorophyll a in two transects(A and B).Transect A was located in the region where turbulent mixing in the upper 100 m was weak(κ~10-6-10-4 m^(2)/s).Transect B was located in the region where the turbulent mixing in the upper 100 m was strong(κ~10-5-10-3 m^(2)/s)due to the influence of internal waves originating from the Luzon Strait and water intrusion from the Western Pacific.In both transects,there was a thin subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer(SCML)(>0.25 mg/m^(3))nested in the upper 100 m.The observations indicate that the effects of turbulent mixing on the distributions of nutrients and chlorophyll a were different in the two transects.In the transect A with weak turbulent mixing,nutrient fluxes induced by turbulent mixing transported nutrients to the SCML but not to the upper water.Nutrients were sufficient to support a local SCML phytoplankton population and the SCML remained compact.In the transect B with strong turbulent mixing,nutrient fluxes induced by turbulent mixing transported nutrients not only to the SCML but also to the upper water,which scatters the nutrients in the water column and diffuses the SCML.

Body Surface Area Prediction in Odorrana grahami

Body surface area（BSA）was regarded as a more readily quantifiable parameter relative to body mass in the normalization of comparative biochemistry and physiology.The BSA prediction has attracted unceasing research back more than a century on animals,especially on humans and rats.Few studies in this area for anurans were reported,and the equation for body surface area（S）and body mass（W）：S=9.9 W 0.56,which was concluded from toads of four species in 1969,was generally adopted to estimate the body surface areas for anurans until recent years.However,this equation was not applicable to Odorrana grahami.The relationship between body surface area and body mass for this species was established as：S=15.4 W 0.579.Our current results suggest estimation equations should be used cautiously across different species and body surface area predictions on more species need to be conducted.

EA模型在海洋的速度横向时空互相关函数中的应用

椭圆近似(EA)模型是从单个点的时间波动数据中推断空间波动数据的重要方法,它已在室内实验剪切场的纵向时空互相关函数C(r,τ)得到验证并被广泛应用.在这里,我们研究了EA模型在海洋流场中的有效性,并介绍了其在横向时空互相关函数G(r,τ)中的应用.结果表明,EA模型在海洋的速度场中是有效的,即G(r,τ)具有G(r_(E),0)的尺度形式,其中r_(E)=[(r-Uτ)^(2)+(Vτ)^2]^(1/2),U和V是与内波垂直相速度相关的两个特征速度.基于EA模型,我们可以获得海洋的垂直波数能谱,并估计海洋的泰勒微尺度和雷诺数.

Complete mitochondrial genome of Nanorana pleskei （Amphibia： Anura： Dicroglossidae） and evolutionary characteristics

The complete mitochondrial genome of Nanorana pleskei from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was sequenced. It includes 17,660 base pairs, containing 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNAs and 23 tRNAs. A tandem duplication of tRNAu^t gene was found in this mitochondrial genome, and the similarity between the two tRNAMet genes is 85.8%, being the highest in amphibian mitochondrial genomes sequenced thus far. Based on gene organization, 24 types were found from 145 amphibian mitochondrial genomes. Type 1 was present in 108 species, type 11 in 11 species, types 5, 16, 17, and 20 each in two species, and the others each present in one species. Fifteen types were found in Anura, being the most diversity in three orders of the Lissamphibia. Our phylogenetic results using 11 protein-coding gene sequences of 145 amphibian mitochondrial genomes strongly support the mo- nophyly of the Lissamphibia, as well as its three orders, the Gymnophiona, Caudata, and Anura, among which the relationships were （（Gymnophiona （Caudata, Anura））. Based on the phylogenetic trees, type 1 was recognized as the ancestral type for am- phibians, and type 11 was the synapomorphic type for the Neobatrachia. Gene rearrangements among lineages provide meaning- ful phylogenetic information. The rearrangement of the LTPF tRNA gene cluster and the translocation of the ND5 gene only found in the Neobatrachia support the monophyly of this group; similarly, the tandem duplication of the tRNAMet genes only found in the Dicroglossidae support the monophyly of this family