Safety profile of 0.0015%tafluprost eye drops in China:a post-marketing observational study

AIM:To investigate the treatment pattern and safety of tafluprost for glaucoma and ocular hypertension(OH)in clinical practice in China.METHODS:This post-marketing observational study included patients who received tafluprost to lower intraocular pressure(IOP)within 30d between September 2017 and March 2020 in 20 hospitals in China.Adverse drug reactions(ADRs)during tafluprost treatment and within 30d after the treatment were collected.RESULTS:A total of 2544 patients were included in this study,of them 58.5%(1488/2544)had primary open angle glaucoma(POAG),21.9%(556/2544)had OH and 19.7%(500/2544)used tafluprost for other reasons.Of 359 ADRs occurred in 10.1%(258/2544)patients,and no serious adverse event occurred.The most common ADR was conjunctival hyperemia(128 ADRs in 124 patients,4.9%).Totally 1670 participants(65.6%)combined tafluprost with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors(CAIs;37.1%,620/1670),sympathomimetics(33.5%,559/1670),β-blockers(33.2%,555/1670),other prostaglandin analogs(PGAs;15.6%,260/1670)and other eye drops(15.1%,253/1670).The highest incidence of conjunctival hyperemia was noted in patients who received tafluprost in combination with other PGAs(23 ADRs in 23 patients,8.8%,23/260)and the lowest was in combination with CAIs(16 ADRs in 16 patients,2.6%,16/620).Tafluprost was applied in primary angle-closure glaucoma(41.6%,208/500),after glaucoma surgery(17.8%,89/500)and after non-glaucoma surgery(15.8%,79/500).CONCLUSION:Tafluprost is safe for POAG and OH,and tolerable when combined with other eye drops and under various clinical circumstances.

Geochemical insights into contribution of petroleum hydrocarbons to the formation of hydrates in the Taixinan Basin, the South China Sea

Methane hydrate in the South China Sea (SCS) has extensively been considered to be biogenic on the basis of its δ13C andδD values.Although previous efforts have greatly been made,the contribution of thermogenic oil/gas has still been underestimated.In this study,biomarkers and porewater geochemical parameters in hydrate-free and hydrate-bearing sediments in the Taixinan Basin,the SCS have been measured for evaluating the contribution of petroleum hydrocarbons to the formation of hydrate deposits via a comparative study of their source inputs of organic matters,environmental conditions,and microbial activities.The results reveal the occurrence of C_(14)–C_(16) branched saturated fatty acids (bSFAs) with relatively high concentrations from sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRBs) in hydrate-bearing sediments in comparison with hydrate-free sediments,which is in accord with the positive δ^(13)C values of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC),increasing methane concentrations,decreasing alkalinity,and concentration fluctuation of ions (Cl^(-),Br^(-),SO_(4)^(2-),Ca^(2+),and Mg^(2+)).These data indicate the relatively active microbial activities in hydrate-bearing sediments and coincident variations of environmental conditions.Carbon isotope compositions of b SFAs (-34.0‰to -21.2‰),n-alkanes (-34.5‰to-29.3‰),and methane(-70.7‰to -69.9‰) jointly demonstrate that SRBs might thrive on a different type of organic carbon rather than methane.Combining with numerous gas/oil reservoirs and hydrocarbon migration channels in the SCS,the occurrence of unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs),odd-even predominance (OEP) values (about 1.0),and biomarker patterns suggest that petroleum hydrocarbons from deep oil/gas reservoirs are the most probable carbon source.Our new results provide significant evidence that the deep oil/gas reservoirs may make a contribution to the formation of methane hydrate deposits in the SCS.

Dependence of Soil Respiration on Soil Temperature and Soil Moisture in Successional Forests in Southern China

The spatial and temporal variations in soil respiration and its relationship with biophysical factors In forests near the Tropic of Cancer remain highly uncertain. To contribute towards an Improvement of actual estimates, soil respiration rates, soil temperature, and soil moisture were measured In three successional subtropical forests at the Dlnghuahan Nature Reserve （DNR） In southern China from March 2003 to February 2005. The overall objective of the present study was to analyze the temporal variations of soil respiration and Its biophysical dependence in these forests. The relationships between biophysical factors and soil respiration rates were compared In successional forests to test the hypothesis that these forests responded similarly to biophysical factors. The seasonality of soil respiration coincided with the seasonal climate pattern, with high respiration rates in the hot humid season （April-September） and with low rates In the cool dry season （October-March）. Soil respiration measured at these forests showed a clear Increasing trend with the progressive succession. Annual mean （± SD） soil respiration rate In the DNR forests was （9.0 ± 4.6） Mg CO2-C/hm^2 per year, ranging from （6.1 ± 3.2） Mg CO2-C/hm^2 per year in early successional forests to （10.7 ± 4.9） Mg CO2-C/hm^2 per year in advanced successional forests. Soil respiration was correlated with both soil temperature and moisture. The T/M model, where the two biophysical variables are driving factors, accounted for 74%-82% of soil respiration variation In DNR forests. Temperature sensitivity decreased along progressive succession stages, suggesting that advanced-successional forests have a good ability to adjust to temperature. In contrast, moisture Increased with progressive succession processes. This increase is caused, in part, by abundant respirators In advanced-successional forest, where more soil moisture is needed to maintain their activities.