Regulating the inner Helmholtz plane structure at the electrolyte-electrode interface for highly reversible aqueous Zn batteries

The development of aqueous Zn batteries is limited by parasitic water reactions,corrosion,and dendrite growth.To address these challenges,an inner Helmholtz plane(IHP)regulation method is proposed by employing low-cost,non-toxic maltitol as the electrolyte additive.The preferential adsorption behavior of maltitol can expel the water from the inner Helmholtz plane,and thus hinder the immediate contact between Zn metal and H_(2)O.Meanwhile,strong interaction between maltitol and H_(2)O molecules can restrain the activity of H_(2)O.Besides,the"IHP adsorption effect"along with the low LUMO energy level of maltitol-CF_(3)SO_(3)^(-)can promote the in-situ formation of an organic-inorganic complex solid electrolyte interface(SEI)layer.As a result,the hydrogen/oxygen evolution side reaction,corrosion,and dendrites issues are effectively suppressed,thereby leading to highly reversible and dendrite-free Zn plating/stripping.The Zn‖I_(2)battery with hybrid electrolytes also demonstrates high electrochemical performance and ultralong cycling stability,showing a capacity retention of 75%over 20000 charge-discharge cycles at a large current density of 5 A g^(-1).In addition,the capacity of the device has almost no obvious decay over20000 cycles even at-30℃.This work offers a successful electrolyte regulation strategy via the IHP adsorption effect to design electrolytes for high-performance rechargeable Zn-ion batteries.

Facile electrochemical surface-alloying and etching of Au wires to enable high-performance substrates for surface enhanced Raman scattering

Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy(SERS)is a nondestructive technique for rapid detection of analytes even at the single-molecule level.However,highly sensitive and reliable SERS substrates are mostly fabricated with complex nanofabrication techniques,greatly restricting their practical applications.A convenient electrochemical method for transforming the surface of commercial gold wires/foils into silver-alloyed nanostructures is demonstrated in this report.Au substrates are treated with repetitive anodic and cathodic bias in an electrolyte of thiourea,in a one-pot one-step manner.X-rays absorption fine structure(XAFS)spectroscopy confirms that the AuAg alloy is induced at the surface.The unique AuAg alloyed surface nanostructures are particularly advantageous when served as SERS substrates,enabling a remarkably sensitive detection of Rhodamine B(a detection limit of 10^(-14)M,and uniform strong response throughout the substrates at 10^(-12)M).

Advances of embedded resistive random access memory in industrial manufacturing and its potential applications

Embedded memory,which heavily relies on the manufacturing process,has been widely adopted in various industrial applications.As the field of embedded memory continues to evolve,innovative strategies are emerging to enhance performance.Among them,resistive random access memory(RRAM)has gained significant attention due to its numerousadvantages over traditional memory devices,including high speed(<1 ns),high density(4 F^(2)·n^(-1)),high scalability(~nm),and low power consumption(~pJ).This review focuses on the recent progress of embedded RRAM in industrial manufacturing and its potentialapplications.It provides a brief introduction to the concepts and advantages of RRAM,discusses the key factors that impact its industrial manufacturing,and presents the commercial progress driven by cutting-edge nanotechnology,which has been pursued by manysemiconductor giants.Additionally,it highlights the adoption of embedded RRAM in emerging applications within the realm of the Internet of Things and future intelligent computing,with a particular emphasis on its role in neuromorphic computing.Finally,the review discusses thecurrent challenges and provides insights into the prospects of embedded RRAM in the era of big data and artificial intelligence.

Inducing Fe 3d Electron Delocalization and Spin‑State Transition of FeN_(4) Species Boosts Oxygen Reduction Reaction for Wearable Zinc–Air Battery

Transition metal-nitrogen-carbon materials(M-N-Cs),particularly Fe-N-Cs,have been found to be electroactive for accelerating oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)kinetics.Although substantial efforts have been devoted to design Fe-N-Cs with increased active species content,surface area,and electronic conductivity,their performance is still far from satisfactory.Hitherto,there is limited research about regulation on the electronic spin states of Fe centers for Fe-N-Cs electrocatalysts to improve their catalytic performance.Here,we introduce Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene with sulfur terminals to regulate the electronic configuration of FeN_(4) species and dramatically enhance catalytic activity toward ORR.The MXene with sulfur terminals induce the spin-state transition of FeN_(4) species and Fe 3d electron delocalization with d band center upshift,enabling the Fe(II)ions to bind oxygen in the end-on adsorption mode favorable to initiate the reduction of oxygen and boosting oxygen-containing groups adsorption on FeN_(4) species and ORR kinetics.The resulting FeN_(4)-Ti_(3)C_(2)Sx exhibits comparable catalytic performance to those of commercial Pt-C.The developed wearable ZABs using FeN_(4)-Ti_(3)C_(2)Sx also exhibit fast kinetics and excellent stability.This study confirms that regulation of the electronic structure of active species via coupling with their support can be a major contributor to enhance their catalytic activity.

Electronic Instability of Kagome Metal CsV_(3)Sb_(5) in the 2×2×2 Charge Density Wave State

Recently discovered kagome metals AV_(3)Sb_(5)(A=K,Rb,and Cs)provide an ideal platform to study the correlation among nontrivial band topology,unconventional charge density wave(CDW),and superconductivity.The evolution of electronic structures associated with the change of lattice modulations is crucial for understanding of the CDW mechanism,with the combination of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy(ARPES)measurements and density functional theory calculations,we investigate how band dispersions change with the increase of lattice distortions.In particular,we focus on the electronic states around M point,where the van Hove singularities are expected to play crucial roles in the CDW transition.Previous ARPES studies reported a spectral weight splitting of the van Hove singularity around M point,which is associated with the 3D lattice modulations.Our studies reveal that this“splitting”can be connected to the two van Hove singularities at k_(z)=0 and k_(z)=π/c in the normal states.When the electronic system enters into the CDW state,both van Hove singularities move down.Such novel properties are important for understanding of the CDW transition.

Water in the Mogao Grottoes,China:where it comes from and how it is driven

The Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes in China was designated as a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1987 and is famous for its cultural relics. Water is the most active factor that harms the relics in the caves as it damages the grotto murals and painted sculptures. Thus, determining the water sources and driving forces of water movement is a key issue for protecting these cultural relics. These issues have troubled relics protectors for a long time. In this study, the authors chose a representative cave in the Mogao Grottoes and, by completely sealing the cave to make a closed system, measured the water vapor from the surrounding rock. This was accomplished by installing a condensation-dehumidification temperature-humidity control system for the collection of water vapor. The results show that there is continuous evaporation from the deep surrounding rock into the cave. The daily evaporation capacity is determined to be 1.02 g/（d·m2）. The water sources and driving forces of water movement were further analyzed according to the character of the water evaporation and by monitoring the temperature and humidity of the surrounding rock. It was found that the water vapor in the cave derives from phreatic water. Moreover, the yearly fluctuation of temperature in the surrounding rock and geothermal forces are the basic powers responsible for driving phreatic evaporation. Under the action of the yearly temperature fluctuations, decomposition and combination of bound water acts as a ＂pump＂ that drives phreatic water migration and evaporation. When the temperature rises, bound water decomposes and evaporates; and when it falls, the rock absorbs moisture. This causes the phreatic water to move from deep regions to shallow ones. Determining the source and dynamic foundation of the water provides a firm scientific basis for protecting the valuable cultural relics in the caves.

GSPAC water movement in extremely dry area

Under an extremely arid condition,a PVC greenhouse was built on the top of Mogao Grottoes in gobi area.The results of 235-day constant extraction of condensed water on the greenhouse film and soil water content showed that 2.1 g/（m2·d） groundwater moved up and exported into the soil,and a phreatic water evaporation existed in the extreme dry area where the groundwater is buried deeper than 200 m.After a prolonged export,the soil water content in the greenhouse was not lower but obviously higher than the original control ones.According to the monitored parameters including relative humidity and absolute humidity of soil,and temperature outside and inside the greenhouse,it was found that there is the available condition and mechanism for the upward movement of groundwater,and also it can be sure that the exported water was not from the soil and atmosphere outside the greenhouse.Phreatic water,an important source for soil water,interacts with atmosphere moisture via soil respiration.Soil salinity also has important effects on soil water movement and spatial-temporal heterogeneity.The extremely dry climate,terrestrial heat and change of upper soil temperature are the fundamental driving forces of water transportation and phreatic water evaporation in the Groundwater-Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum（GSPAC） system.

Experimental Observation of Electronic Structures of Kagome Metal YCr6Ge6

Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy,we study electronic structures of a Kagome metal YCr6Ge6.Band dispersions along kz direction are significant,suggesting a remarkable interlayer coupling between neighboring Kagome planes.Comparing ARPES data with first-principles calculations,we find a moderate electron correlation in this material,since band calculations must be compressed in the energy scale to reach an excellent agreement between experimental data and theoretical calculations.Moreover,as indicated by band calculations,there is a flat band in the vicinity of the Fermi level at the Г–M–K plane in the momentum space,which could be responsible for the unusual transport behavior in YCr6Ge6.

Tailoring of Bandgap and Spin-Orbit Splitting in ZrSe_(2) with Low Substitution of Ti for Zr

Tuning the bandgap in layered transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDCs) is crucial for their versatile applications in many fields. The ternary formation is a viable method to tune the bandgap as well as other intrinsic properties of TMDCs, because the multi-elemental characteristics provide additional tunability at the atomic level and advantageously alter the physical properties of TMDCs. Herein, ternary Ti_(x)Zr_(1-x)Se_(2) single crystals were synthesized using the chemical-vapor-transport method. The changes in electronic structures of ZrSe_(2) induced by Ti substitution were revealed using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Our data show that at a low level of Ti substitution, the bandgap of Ti_(x)Zr_(1-x)Se_(2) decreases monotonically, and the electronic system undergoes a transition from a semiconducting to a metallic state without a significant variation of dispersions of valence bands. Meanwhile, the size of spin-orbit splitting dominated by Se 4p orbitals decreases with the increase of Ti doping. Our work shows a convenient way to alter the bandgap and spin-orbit coupling in TMDCs at the low level of substitution of transition metals.

Initial clinical evaluation of chest digital tomosynthesis in adult patients with COVID-19 pneumonia

To the Editor:The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has caused a significant global health crisis,led to staggering mortality rates,and imposed a substantial economic burden.[1]Pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality in patients with COVID-19.During outbreak peaks,the surge in patients severely strained healthcare systems,highlighting the need for rapid and cost-effective screening methods.Although chest X-ray(CXR)is affordable and convenient,its low sensitivity limits its effectiveness for detecting lung abnormalities.Computed tomography(CT)is considered the gold standard for diagnosing pneumonia,including COVID-19 pneumonia,but it exposes patients to high doses of radiation(3-7 mSv)far exceeding the annual threshold of 1 mSv recommended by the World Health Organization.Even low-dose CT delivers an average effective dose of 1.6 mSv,adding to the patient’s radiation burden.

Resource Allocation for Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks:A Comprehensive Review

The space-air-ground integrated networks (SAGIN) has emerged as a critical paradigm to address the growing demands for global connectivity and enhanced communication services. This paper gives a thorough review of the strategies and methodologies for resource allocation within SAGIN, focusing on the challenges and solutions within its complex structure. With the advent of technologies such as 6G, the dynamics of resource optimization have become increasingly complex, necessitating innovative approaches for efficient management. We examine the application of mathematical optimization, game theory, artificial intelligence (AI), and dynamic optimization techniques in SAGIN,offering insights into their effectiveness in ensuring optimal resource distribution, minimizing delays, and maximizing network throughput and stability. The survey highlights the significant advances in AI-based methods,particularly deep learning and reinforcement learning, in tackling the inherent challenges of SAGIN resource allocation. Through a critical review of existing literature, this paper categorizes various resource allocation strategies, identifies current research gaps, and discusses potential future directions. Our findings highlight the crucial role of integrated and intelligent resource allocation mechanisms in realizing the full potential of SAGIN for next-generation communication networks.

A chromosome-scale genome assembly of Artemisia argyi reveals unbiased subgenome evolution and key contributions of gene duplication to volatile terpenoid diversity

Artemisia argyi Le´vl.et Vant.,a perennial Artemisia herb with an intense fragrance,is widely used in traditional medicine in China and many other Asian countries.Here,we present a chromosome-scale genome assembly of A.argyi comprising 3.89 Gb assembled into 17 pseudochromosomes.Phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses revealed that A.argyi underwent a recent lineage-specificwhole-genomeduplication(WGD)event after divergence fromArtemisia annua,resulting in two subgenomes.Wedeciphered the diploid ancestral genome of A.argyi,and unbiased subgenome evolution was observed.The recent WGD led to a large number of duplicated genes in the A.argyi genome.Expansion of the terpene synthase(TPS)gene family through various types of gene duplication may have greatly contributed to the diversity of volatile terpenoids in A.argyi.In particular,we identified a typical germacrene D synthase gene cluster within the expanded TPS gene family.The entire biosynthetic pathways of germacrenes,(+)-borneol,and(+)-camphor were elucidated in A.argyi.In addition,partial deletion of the amorpha-4,11-diene synthase(ADS)gene and loss of function of ADS homologs may have resulted in the lack of artemisinin production in A.argyi.Our study provides newinsights into the genome evolution of Artemisia and lays a foundation for further improvement of the quality of this important medicinal plant.

Proton storage chemistry in aqueous zinc-organic batteries:A review

Benefiting from the advantageous features of structural diversity and resource renewability,organic electroactive compounds are considered as attractive cathode materials for aqueous Zn-ion batteries(ZIBs).In this review,we discuss the recent developments of organic electrode materials for aqueous ZIBs.Although the proton(H^(+))storage chemistry in aqueous Zn-organic batteries has triggered an overwhelming literature surge in recent years,this topic remains controversial.Therefore,our review focuses on this significant issue and summarizes the reported electrochemical mechanisms,including pure Zn^(2+)intercalation,pure H^(+)storage,and H^(+)/Zn^(2+)co-storage.Moreover,the impact of H^(+)storage on the electrochemical performance of aqueous ZIBs is discussed systematically.Given the significance of H^(+)storage,we also highlight the relevant characterization methods employed.Finally,perspectives and directions on further understanding the charge storage mechanisms of organic materials are outlined.We hope that this review will stimulate more attention on the H^(+)storage chemistry of organic electrode materials to advance our understanding and further its application.

Disentangling the electron-lattice dichotomy of the excitonic insulating phase in Ta_(2)Ni(Se_(1-x)S_(x))_(5)with sulfur substitution and potassium deposition

Ta_(2)NiSe_(5)is a promising candidate for hosting an excitonic insulator(EI)phase,a novel electronic state driven by electron-hole Coulomb attraction.However,the role of electron-lattice coupling in the formation of the EI phase remains controversial.Here,we use angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy(ARPES)to study the band structure evolution of Ta_(2)Ni(Se_(1-x)S_(x))_(5)with sulfur substitution and potassium deposition,which modulate the band gap and the carrier concentration,respectively.We find that the Ta 5d states originating from the bottom of the conduction band persist at the top of the valence band in the low-temperature monoclinic phase,indicating the importance of exciton condensation in opening the gap in the semi-metallic band structure.We also observe that the characteristic overlap between the conduction and valence bands can be restored in the monoclinic lattice by mild carrier injection,suggesting that the lattice distortion in the monoclinic phase is not the main factor for producing the insulating gap,but rather the exciton condensation in the electronic system is the dominant driving force.Our results shed light on the electron-lattice decoupling and the origin of the EI phase in Ta_(2)Ni(Se_(1-x)Sx)_(5).

Fine Mapping of RppP25, a Southern Rust Resistance Gene in Maize

Southern rust （Puccinia polysora Underw.） is a major disease that can cause severe yield losses in maize （Zea mays L.）. In our previous study, a major gene RppP25 that confers resistance to southern rust was identified in inbred line P25. Here, we report the fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of RppP25 from the near-isogenic line F939, which harbors RppP25 in the genetic background of the susceptible inbred line F349. The inheritance of resistance to southern rust was investigated in the BC1F1 and BC3F1 populations, which were derived from a cross between F939 and F349 （as the recurrent parent）. The 1：1 segregation ratio of resistance to susceptible plants in these two populations indicated that the resistance is controlled by a single dominant gene. Ten markers, including three simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers and seven insertion/deletion （InDel） markers, were developed in the RppP25 region. RppP25 was delimited to an interval between P091 and M271, with an estimated length of 40 kb based on the physical map of B73. In this region, a candidate gene was identified that was predicted to encode a putative nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat （NBS-LRR） protein. Two co-segregated markers will aid in pyramiding diverse southern rust resistance alleles into elite materials, and thereby improve southern rust resistance worldwide.

Fast and stable Mg^2+ intercalation in a high voltage NaV2O2(PO4)2F/rGO cathode material for magnesium-ion batteries

Sluggish kinetics of Mg^2+intercalation and low working potential seriously hinder the development of highenergy-density magnesium-ion batteries(MIBs).Hence developing cathode materials with fast Mg^2+diffusion and high working voltage is a key to overcome the obstacles in MIBs.Herein,a tetragonal NaV2O2(PO4)2 F/reduced graphene oxide(r GO)is proposed as an effective Mg^2+host for the first time.It exhibits the highest average discharge voltage(3.3 V vs.Mg^2+/Mg),fast diffusion kinetics of Mg^2+with the average diffusivity of 2.99×10^-10 cm^2s^-1,and ultralong cycling stability(up to 9500 cycles).The Mg^2+storage mechanism of NaV2O2(PO4)2 F/r GO is demonstrated as a single-phase(de)intercalation reaction by in situ X-ray diffraction(XRD)technology.Density functional theory(DFT)computations further reveal that Mg^2+ions tend to migrate along the a direction.X-ray absorption near edge structure(XANES)demonstrates a decrease in the average valence of vanadium,and the local coordination environment around vanadium site is highly conserved after magnesiation.Moreover,the assembled NaV2O2(PO4)2 F//Mg0.79NaTi2(PO4)3 Mg-ion full cell exhibits high power and energy densities,which indicates that NaV2O2(PO4)2 F/r GO owns potential for practical applications.This work achieves a breakthrough in the working voltage of cathode materials for MIBs and provides a new opportunity for high-energy-density MIBs.

An anti-freezing biomineral hydrogel of high strain sensitivity for artificial skin applications

Mineral hydrogels have caught a lot of attention for their strong competency as artificial skin-like materials.Nonetheless,it remains a great difficulty in fulfilling in one hydrogel system a range of key functionalities that are needed for practical artificial skin applications,i.e.,to be biocompatible,strain-sensitive,ion-conductive,elastic and robust,anti-swelling,and anti-freezing.Here we present a such type of versatile hydrogel that is not only capable to deliver all the above-mentioned key functionalities but also highly stable.This novel hydrogel is constructed by introducing a gelatinous and amorphous multi-ionic biomineral(denoted as Mg-ACCP,containing Mg^(2+),Ca^(2+),CO_(3)^(2−),and PO_(4)^(3−))into the network of biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)and sodium alginate(SA).The presence of Mg^(2+)and PO_(4)^(3−)in this hydrogel helps prohibit the crystallization of the biominerals,leading to significantly improved stability.The hydrogel thus obtained delivers excellent mechanical performance due to the chelation between the mineral ions and the organic matrix,and high sensitivity even to subtle pressure and strain applied,such as slight finger bending and gentle tapping.Furthermore,the novel hydrogel features high ionic conductivity,high resistance to swelling,and extraordinary anti-freezing property,holding great promise for applications in different practical scenarios,particularly in aqueous or cold environments.

Multi-physics-resolved digital twin of proton exchange membrane fuel cells with a data-driven surrogate model

The development of multi-physics-resolved digital twins of proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)is sig-nificant for the advancement of this technology.Here,to solve this scientific issue,a surrogate modelling method that combines a state-of-the-art three-dimensional PEMFC physical model and data-driven model is proposed.The surrogate modelling prediction results demonstrate that the test-set relative root mean square errors(rRMSEs)of the multi-physics fields range from 3.88%to 24.80%and can mirror the multi-physics field distribution charac-teristics well.In summary,for multi-physics field prediction,the data-driven surrogate model has a comparable accuracy to the comprehensive 3D physical model;however,it considerably reduces the cost of computation and time and achieves the efficient multi-physics-resolved digital-twin.Two model-based designs based on the as-developed digital twin framework,i.e.the PEMFC healthy operation envelope and the PEMFC state map,are demonstrated.This study highlights the potential of combining data-driven approaches and comprehensive physical models to develop the digital twin of complex systems,such as PEMFCs.

Illumining phase transformation dynamics of vanadium oxide cathode by multimodal techniques under operando conditions

Subtle structural changes during electrochemical processes often relate to the degradation of electrode materials.Characterizing the minute-variations in complementary aspects such as crystal structure,chemical bonds,and electron/ion conductivity will give an in-depth understanding on the reaction mechanism of electrode materials,as well as revealing pathways for optimization.Here,vanadium pentoxide (V2O5),a typical cathode material suffering from severe capacity decay during cycling,is characterized by in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and in-situ Raman spectroscopy combined with electrochemical tests.The phase transitions of V2O5 within the 0-1 LiN ratio are characterized in detail.The V--O and V-V distances became more extended and shrank compared to the original ones after charge/discharge process,respectively.Combined with electrochemical tests,these variations are vital to the crystal structure cracking,which is linked with capacity fading.This work demonstrates that chemical bond changes between the transition metal and oxygen upon cycling serve as the origin of the capacity fading.

Charge density wave phase suppression in 1T-TiSe_(2) through Sn intercalation

Taking advantage of the unique layered structure of TiSe2,the intrinsic electronic properties of two-dimensional materials can easily be tuned via heteroatomic engineering.Herein,we show that the charge density wave(CDW)phase in 1T-TiSe_(2) single-crystals can be gradually suppressed through Sn atoms intercalation.Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy(ARPES)and temperature-dependent resistivity measurements,this work reveals that Sn atoms can induce charge doping and modulate the intrinsic electronic properties in the host 1T-TiSe_(2).Notably,our temperature-dependent ARPES results highlight the role exciton-phonon interaction and the Jahn-Teller mechanism through the formation of backfolded bands and exhibition of a downward Se shift of 4p valence band in the formation of CDW in this material.