从资源利用、生态保护到公共卫生安全——野生动物保护政策中的焦点事件与社会建构

【问题】中国野生动物保护政策是如何演化的?背后体现了何种政策变迁逻辑?在主流政策过程分析路径中,焦点事件及其冲击通常被视为政策变迁的重要动力。既有研究较多关注焦点事件对权力、资源和关系网络的影响,忽视了政策变迁过程中观念及政策企业家的建构行为起到的重要作用。【方法】本文以中国野生动物保护政策为案例,收集了国家和地方林业(草)部门、检疫部门、卫生部门的规章和官方公告,以及人大代表、政协委员、专家和行业代表的公开提案、著述、呼吁等材料。在此基础上,我们将社会建构与政策设计框架嵌入间断均衡理论进行本土化修正,构建了一个以行动者的社会建构为主体的政策变迁分析框架。【发现】(1)受焦点事件影响,中国野生动物保护政策呈现间断均衡的变迁特征,表现为以资源利用为目标的政策均衡和以生态保护、公共卫生安全为转向的政策间断;(2)焦点事件发生后,决策者在不同时期的观念转变,构成了政策变迁的内在动力。政策企业家依托焦点事件产生的权力分配、话语框架和舆论整合效应,通过对目标群体策略性的社会建构,影响决策者的观念认知及政策设计,推动政策变迁。【贡献】论文强调观念及社会建构等符号性因素在政策过程中的作用,并揭示了其影响政策变迁的作用机制,为深入理解焦点事件与政策变迁提供了新的视角和研究路径,同时为完善中国野生动物保护政策提供借鉴。

Range walk and array rotation in space-time adaptive processing:effects and compensations

This paper proposes a unified clutter model incorporating the effects of range walk and array rotation for space-time adaptive processing（STAP） in airborne multi-channel early-warning radar.Based on this clutter model,STAP performance is then analyzed from the perspective of covariance matrix tapering（CMT）.For STAP performance degradation due to array rotation,a determinate compensation method is proposed based on the CMT method.Numerical examples are provided to verify the analysis and the proposed compensation method.

Efficacy of Removing Dislocated Lens using Intravitreal Phacoemulsification

Purpose:To evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal phacoemulsification in the removal of dislocated crystalline lenses.Methods:Twenty-two cases (22 eyes) with posterior dislocated lens induced by ocular trauma or capsule rupture during phacoemulsification between January 2008 and December 2010 were retrospectively analyzed in this study.Total vitrectomy was first performed through standard closed three-port incisions at the pars plana,and dislocated lenses were removed using the phacoemulsification tip without the silicone sleeve.Extraction of intraocular foreign body,endolaser retinal photocoagulation and intraocular lens implantation were performed simultaneously.Visual acuity,intraocular pressure (IOP) and postoperative complications were assessed over 1 to 3 months of follow up.Results:All dislocated lenses were extracted without severe complication.The final corrected visual acuity was ≥ 6 /15 in 7 cases,6 /100-6 /18 in 5 cases and ≤ 6 /120 in 10 cases,a significant improvement over preoperative values (P <0.05).The IOP in 10 cases (10 eyes) with secondary glaucoma was < 21 mmHg post-operatively.Intraocular foreign bodies in 3 eyes were removed.Nine patients (9 eyes) underwent intraocular lens implantation.No instances of retinal detachment,retinal hemorrhage or scleral wound burn were observed after surgery.Conclusion:Intravitreal phacoemulsification combined with vitrectomy yielded good efficacy and safety in the treatment of posteriorly dislocated lens.It may be an alternative to phacofragmentation in the treatment of posteriorly dislocated lenses.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of visual cortex activation in patients with anterior visual pathway lesions

The aim of this study was to examine the secondary visual cortex functional disorder in patients with glaucoma and large pituitary adenoma by functional magnetic resonance imaging, and to determine the correlation between visual field defect and primary visual cortex activation. Results showed that single eye stimulation resulted in bilateral visual cortex activation in patients with glaucoma or large pituitary adenoma. Compared with the normal control group, the extent and intensity of visual cortex activation was decreased after left and right eye stimulation, and functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed a correlation between visual field defects and visual cortex activation in patients with glaucoma and large pituitary adenoma. These functional magnetic resonance imaging data suggest that anterior optic pathway lesions can cause secondary functional disorder of the visual cortex, and that visual defects are correlated with visual cortex activation.

Topological Dirac surface states in ternary compounds GeBi_(2)Te_(4),SnBi_(2)Te_(4) and Sn_(0.571)Bi_(2.286)Se_(4)

Using high-resolution angle-resolved and time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy,we have studied the low-energy band structures in occupied and unoccupied states of three ternary compounds GeBi_(2)Te_(4),SnBi_(2)Te_(4) and Sn_(0.571)Bi_(2.286)Se_(4) near the Fermi level.In previously confirmed topological insulator GeBi_(2)Te_(4) compounds,we confirmed the existence of the Dirac surface state and found that the bulk energy gap is much larger than that in the first-principles calculations.In SnBi_(2)Te_(4) compounds,the Dirac surface state was observed,consistent with the first-principles calculations,indicating that it is a topological insulator.The experimental detected bulk gap is a little bit larger than that in calculations.In Sn_(0.571)Bi_(2.286)Se_(4) compounds,our measurements suggest that this nonstoichiometric compound is a topological insulator although the stoichiometric SnBi_(2)Se_(4) compound was proposed to be topological trivial.

Hardness Genetic Analysis of Pink Hard-fruit Tomato

Hardness genetic laws of pink hard-fruit tomato were studied for breeding new varieties of pink hard-fruit tomato. The change of hardness degree and heredi- tary characters of tomato were studied using the texture analyzer, with female parents P27, male parents P31 and tomato F1 combination 15# as the test materials. The result showed that transverse hardness was the lowest, followed by longitudinal hardness, and the hardness of fruit shoulder was the highest. The average hardness at green fruit stage was higher, the hardness at turning-color period and red ripe stage decreased significantly. The average hardness of P27, P31, F1 combination 15# at red ripe fruit was 13.27, 10.88, 12.28 N, respectively. The hardness at red fruit stage and green fruit stage had significantly positive correlation. Fruit shape index of F1 combinations 15#at red ripe stage was 0.87. The fruit shape was round with 5-6 locules. The pericarp thickness was 0.7-0.8 cm. The single fruit weight was 258 g. It was the ideal bred variety for pink hard-tomato fruit. There was no necessary connection among fruit hardness and fruit size, pericarp thickness, ventricle numbers, single fruit weight. Fruit shape index could be used as indirect selection index of the hardness of tomato.

High Resolution MIMO-HFSWR Radar Using Sparse Frequency Waveforms

In high frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) applications, range and azimuth resolutions are usually lim-ited by the bandwidth of waveforms and the physical dimension of the radar aperture, respectively. In this paper, we propose a concept of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) HFSWR system with widely sepa-rated antennas transmitting and receiving sparse frequency waveforms. The proposed system can overcome the conventional limitation on resolutions and obtain high resolution capability through this new configura-tion. Ambiguity function (AF) is derived in detail to evaluate the basic resolution performance of this pro-posed system. The advantages of the system of fine resolution and low peak sidelobe level (PSL) are demon-strated by the AF analysis through numerical simulations. The impacts of Doppler effect and the geometry configuration are also studied.

从两份手稿看林乐知晚清的政治活动

本文包括了美国来华传教士林乐知先生的两篇原始英文手稿及其翻译和介绍.一篇是其在1906年12月7日在上海青年基督教青年会所作的报告,另一篇是会晤革命改革人士的记录手稿.这两份手稿生动如实地向世人呈现了林乐知在风云动荡的晚清中国直接投入社会政治改革活动的一面.他给爱国进步青年做演讲,介绍美国建国经验及方针,激励爱国青年并为他们指明方向.他参与改革人士、革命党人组织推翻清政权、建立中华共和国的商谈计划活动.这些原始文献为进一步开展林乐知研究提供了可能性,也为一百多年后的今天追溯林乐知在晚清中国真实活动的历史情景提供了空间.

土著菌群还原矿化修复铀污染地下水

本实验研究了β-甘油磷酸钠刺激下土著菌群对中性含铀模拟地下水的处理效果及机理。结果表明,β-甘油磷酸钠可同时激活生物还原和生物矿化菌群,其对铀的去除率达98%以上,微生物表面均匀沉积CaU(PO_(4))_(2)和Mg(UO_(2))_(2)(PO_(4))_(2)·10H2_(O)等鳞片状矿物。土著菌群还原矿化铀的机理为:反应前期生物还原和生物矿化同时参与了铀的固定,且以生物矿化作用为主,Dysgonomonas,Propionispora,Macellibacteroides,unclassified_Rhizobiaceae和unclassified_Rhodocyclacea可能参与了溶液中U(Ⅵ)的还原,Acinetobacter促进生物矿化的发生;随后在Methyloversatilis和unclassified_Enterobacteriaceae的作用下,部分矿化生成的U(Ⅵ)沉淀被微生物逐渐还原成U(Ⅳ)沉淀。本实验为今后微生物治理铀污染地下水的长效性能强化策略研究提供了新的理论支撑。

PlantCADB:A Comprehensive Plant Chromatin Accessibility Database

Chromatin accessibility landscapes are essential for detecting regulatory elements,illustrating the corresponding regulatory networks,and,ultimately,understanding the molecular basis underlying key biological processes.With the advancement of sequencing technologies,a large volume of chromatin accessibility data has been accumulated and integrated for humans and other mammals.These data have greatly advanced the study of disease pathogenesis,cancer survival prognosis,and tissue development.To advance the understanding of molecular mechanisms regulating plant key traits and biological processes,we developed a comprehensive plant chromatin accessibility database(PlantCADB)from 649 samples of 37 species.These samples are abiotic stress-related(such as heat,cold,drought,and salt;159 samples),development-related(232 samples),and/or tissue-specific(376 samples).Overall,18,339,426 accessible chromatin regions(ACRs)were compiled.These ACRs were annotated with genomic information,associated genes,transcription factor footprint,motif,and single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs).Additionally,PlantCADB provides various tools to visualize ACRs and corresponding annotations.It thus forms an integrated,annotated,and analyzed plant-related chromatin accessibility resource,which can aid in better understanding genetic regulatory networks underlying development,important traits,stress adaptations,and evolution.

PbO-FeOx-CaO-SiO2-ZnO挥发性高铅渣的挥发动力学

为揭示高铅渣的高温挥发行为,以PbO-FeOx-CaO-SiO2-ZnO为基本渣系,借助热重分析技术,建立了质量比FeO/SiO2=1.8和CaO/SiO2=0.6、不同PbO含量的高铅渣高温挥发本征动力学模型,探讨了不同PbO含量下随温度变化熔渣的挥发特性,结合挥发后熔渣物相和元素分析,揭示了高铅渣的挥发规律.结果表明,温度高于700℃时,高铅渣中PbO挥发最剧烈,造成渣成分波动导致测定结果偏差;含铅量为20wt%、温度700-1450℃的平均挥发率为18.58%;高铅渣高温挥发受三维扩散控制,影响因素为PbO和硅氧复合离子的含量.

山东省某地区奶牛源大肠埃希菌的血清型、耐药特性及分子特性

【目的】旨在对从山东省某地区4个健康奶牛养殖场分离到的大肠埃希菌进行优势血清型、耐药特性、Ⅰ类整合子基因盒携带情况以及系统进化群分析。【方法】采集194份来自山东省某地区4个规模化奶牛场奶牛新鲜粪便样品,进行大肠埃希菌分离和鉴定,利用常用大肠埃希菌诊断血清进行血清型鉴定;利用10%的绵羊血平板检测溶血性;利用K-B法检测对14种常规抗菌药物的敏感性;利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测革兰阴性菌常见的6大类24种耐药基因、Ⅰ类整合子基因盒结构并对目的条带测序分析;利用细菌多位点序列分型(Multilocus sequence typing,MLST)技术分析大肠埃希菌的ST型并使用eBURST v3软件分析菌株之间的克隆关系。【结果】从194份新鲜粪便样品中分离到171株大肠埃希菌,其中主要为致病性(19.9%)和侵袭性大肠埃希菌(17.0%),优势血清型分别为O128:K67(12/171)和O143:K7(12/171)。另外,具有溶血性的大肠埃希菌阳性率为9.4%(16/171);药敏试验结果显示多重耐药菌株的比率为22.2%,其中对氨苄西林耐药率最高为33.9%,四环素次之,为24.0%;PCR检测耐药基因和整合子结果显示,59.1%的菌株携带β-内酰胺类耐药基因blaTEM,59.1%的菌株携带氨基糖苷类耐药基因ant(2′),未检测到四环素耐药基因tetA和tetB;Ⅰ类整合子的阳性率为4.1%(7/171),dfrA12-aadA2-sul1为优势基因盒结构(4/171);MLST将大肠埃希菌分为8种ST型,其中,ST155(10/171)和ST58(45/171)形成一个克隆复合物且没有发现新的ST型。【结论】本研究证实,从该地区规模化健康奶牛场新鲜粪便中分离到的大肠埃希菌优势血清型为O128:K67和O143:K7;少部分大肠埃希菌具有溶血性;仅对氨苄西林、四环素等具有较高的耐药率;优势基因盒结构为dfrA12-aadA2-sul1;MLST分型显示不同奶牛场分离出亲缘关系较近的菌株,其分布具有多态性,血清型与ST型之间无相关性。本研究表明源自表观健康的奶牛的大肠埃希菌存在多重耐药现象,具有食品公共卫生安全隐患,该研究对于提升规模化奶牛场奶制品的安全生产与质量评估具有一定的理论指导意义。

Na_(2)O/SiO_(2)比对脱铜阳极泥卡尔多炉还原熔炼渣结构和性能的影响

卡尔多炉熔炼是目前火法处理脱铜阳极泥的重要工艺之一。针对国内某企业脱铜阳极泥卡尔多炉还原熔炼中渣熔化性能差、渣含贵金属损失大等问题,本工作利用热力学分析以及炉渣物性检测,结合XRD、拉曼光谱等结构表征手段,开展了脱铜阳极泥卡尔多炉还原熔炼渣钠硅比调控优化研究。根据PbO-Na_(2)O-SiO_(2)-BaO四元体系液相区图及性能测定结果,在不改变渣率及熔剂添加总量前提下,适当提高Na_(2)O/SiO_(2)比可有效降低炉渣熔点和黏度;随着还原熔炼渣Na_(2)O/SiO_(2)比由0.42提高至0.60,由于Na_(2)O的网络修饰剂作用,更多的桥氧转变为非桥氧,炉渣结构由Si_(2)O_(7)^(6-)硅酸盐二聚体结构为主,向SiO_(4)^(4-)硅酸盐四面体结构过渡,其中的Si_(2)O_(6)^(4-)链状结构与Si_(2)O_(5)^(2-)片状结构也相应减少,含铅硅酸盐聚合度降低,桥氧Qn分析结果与熔渣硅酸盐结构相契合。同时,提高钠硅比后,炉渣熔化温度从1178℃降至950℃,在1100℃冶炼温度下,还原熔炼渣黏度可降低45.2%,流动性得到显著改善,从宏观角度也验证了熔渣结构变化规律。结果表明,对脱铜阳极泥卡尔多炉还原熔炼,通过调控炉渣Na_(2)O/SiO_(2)比来降低桥氧数及复杂阴离子聚合度,从而改善炉渣物化性能的思路是可行的。

Ceria Nanoparticles as Enzyme Mimetics

In the past decades, enzyme mimetics based on ceria nanoparticles （nanoceria） have been developed as potential substitutes for nature enzymes. The mixed valence states of cerium and the patterns of oxygen vacancies on crystal planes result in different enzyme mimetic activities. In this review we survey the bio-applications of nanoceria-based enzyme mimetics as well as the underlying mechanisms. Factors influencing the enzyme mimetic activities and future perspective of nanoceria-based enzyme mimetics are also addressed.

Gusty wind disturbances and large-scale turbulent structures in the neutral atmospheric surface layer

This study analyzes the contribution of large-scale turbulent structures, including very large-scale and large-scale motions, to the streamwise turbulent kinetic energy and momentum flux in comparison with the contribution of the gusty wind disturbances based on the high-quality data obtained from the field measurements conducted in the near-neutral surface layer. The results of this study denote that the gusty wind disturbances contain only a portion of the energy contained in very large-scale motions and do not contain any of the information contained in large-scale motions. The amount of lost contributions to the streamwise turbulent kinetic energy and momentum flux increases linearly with the friction velocity, eventually becoming 53% and 67%,respectively. This indicates that large-scale turbulent structures(very large-scale motions and large-scale motions) better describe the coherent structures in the atmospheric surface layer when compared with the gusty wind disturbances.

Argon mitigates post-stroke neuroinflammation by regulating M1/M2 polarization and inhibiting NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling

Neuroinflammation plays a vital role in cerebral ischemic stroke(IS).In the acute phase of IS,microglia are activated toward the pro-inflammatory(M1)and anti-inflammatory(M2)phenotypes.Argon,an inert gas,can reduce neuroinflammation and alleviate ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)injury.However,whether argon regulates M1/M2 polarization to protect against I/R injury as well as the underlying mechanism has not been reported.In this study,we analyzed the activation and polarization of microglia after I/R injury with or without argon administration and explored the effects of argon on NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation in microglia in vitro and in vivo.The results showed that argon application inhibited the activation of M1 microglia/macrophage in the ischemic penumbra and the expression of proteins related to NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis in microglia.Argon administration also inhibited the expression and processing of IL-1β,a primary pro-inflammatory cytokine.Thus,argon alleviates I/R injury by inhibiting pro-inflammatory reactions via suppressing microglial polarization toward M1 phenotype and inhibiting the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway.More importantly,we showed that argon worked better than the specific NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor MCC950 in suppressing neuroinflammation and protecting against cerebral I/R injury,suggesting the therapeutic potential of argon in neuroinflammation-related neurodegeneration diseases as a potent gas inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway.

Continuous culture of urine-derived bladder cancer cells for precision medicine

Dear Editor,Bladder cancer is the most common type of genitourinary cancer in China,with an estimated 80,500 new cases and 32,900 related deaths in 2015 alone(Chen et al.,2016).Unlike many other cancers,there has been no significant improvement in survival rates for bladder cancer over the last three decades.Specific treatment regimens for bladder cancer and their efficacy vary depending not only on clinical stages,but also on associated risk factors and other per­sonal clinical characteristics.Patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC)have a high 5-year recur­rence rate of 60%-70%(Berdik,2017)and those with muscle invasive bladder cancer(MIBC)has a relatively poor prognosis with approximately 65%risk of death within 5-year follow-up(Kamat et al.,2016).Therefore,there is an urgent need to develop models for bladder cancer to screen for rational treatment strategies by personalized medicine to improve the clinical assessment and treatment of bladder cancer.

Thermal Management Optimization of a Lithium-Ion Battery Module with Graphite Sheet Fins and Liquid Cold Plates

Temperature uniformity of lithium-ion batteries and maintaining the temperature within the range for efficient operation are addressed.First,Liquid cold plates are placed on the sides of a prismatic battery,and fins made of aluminum alloy or graphite sheets are applied between battery cells to improve the heat transfer performance.Then a simulation model is built with 70 battery cells and 6 liquid cold plates,and the performance is analyzed according to the flow rate,liquid temperature,and discharge rate.Finally,the results show that temperature differences are mainly caused by the liquid cold plates.The fin surface determines the equivalent thermal conductivity of the battery.The graphite sheets have heterogeneous thermal conductivity,which help improve temperature uniformity and reduce the temperature gradient.With lower density than the aluminum alloy,they offer a lower gravimetric power density for the same heat transfer capacity.In addition to the equivalent thermal conductivity,the temperature difference between the cooling liquid and battery surface is an important parameter for temperature uniformity.Optimizing the fin thickness is found to be an effective way to reduce the temperature difference between the liquid and battery during cooling and improve the temperature uniformity.

Effect of solid particle erosion on fracture strength of low density polyethylene film

In this study,the infuence of solid particle erosion on the fracture strength of low density polyethylene(LDPE)film under con-trolled conditions is investigated through impact experiments.The variations in the residual fracture stress as well as the residual fracture strain of the LDPE flm after solid particle impact against the impact angle(α),impact velocity(νp)and impact duration(t)are analysed.The study revealed that the fracture stress and the fracture strain of the LDPE film decrease with an increase in the impact duration,and the degradation rate increases with the impact velocity and impact angle.Furthermore,the fracture stress and the fracture strain of LDPE film decrease exponentially against the impact energy under the same particle impact angle condition,and the reductions of fracture stress and fracture strain increase quasi-linearly with the sine-squared impact angle under the same impact energy.The study proposes empirical models to predict the attenuation of the fracture stress and the fracture strain of LDPE films due to the finite particle impact energy.

Model-based Comparative Prediction of Transcription-Factor Binding Motifs in Anabolic Responses in Bone

Understanding the regulatory mechanism that controls the alteration of global gene expression patterns continues to be a challenging task in computational biology. We previously developed an ant algorithm, a biologically-inspired computational technique for microarray data, and predicted putative transcription-factor binding motifs （TFBMs） through mimicking interactive behaviors of natural ants. Here we extended the algorithm into a set of web-based software, Ant Modeler, and applied it to investigate the transcriptional mechanism underlying bone formation. Mechanical loading and administration of bone morphogenic proteins （BMPs） are two known treatments to strengthen bone. We addressed a question： Is there any TFBM that stimulates both ＂anabolic responses of mechanical loading＂ and ＂BMP-mediated osteogenic signaling＂？ Although there is no significant overlap among genes in the two responses, a comparative model-based analysis suggests that the two independent osteogenic processes employ common TFBMs, such as a stress responsive element and a motif for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor （PPAR）. The post-modeling in vitro analysis using mouse osteoblast cells supported involvements of the predicted TFBMs such as PPAR, Ikaros 3, and LMO2 in response to mechanical loading. Taken together, the results would be useful to derive a set of testable hypotheses and examine the role of specific regulators in complex transcriptional control of bone formation.