Creating large EMS populations for functional genomics and breeding in wheat

Wheat germplasm is a fundamental resource for basic research,applied studies,and wheat breeding,which can be enriched normally by several paths,such as collecting natural lines,accumulating breeding lines,and introducing mutagenesis materials.Ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)is an alkylating agent that can effectively introduce genetic variations in a wide variety of plant species.In this study,we created a million-scale EMS population(MEP)that started with the Chinese wheat cultivars‘Luyan 128’,‘Jimai 38’,‘Jimai 44’,and‘Shannong 30’.In the M1 generation,the MEP had numerous phenotypical variations,such as>3,000 chlorophyll-deficient mutants,2,519 compact spikes,and 1,692 male sterile spikes.There were also rare mutations,including 30 independent tillers each with double heads.Some M1 variations of chlorophyll-deficiency and compact spikes were inheritable,appearing in the M2 or M3 generations.To advance the entire MEP to higher generations,we adopted a single-seed descendent(SSD)approach.All other seed composites of M2 were used to screen other agronomically important traits,such as the tolerance to herbicide quizalofop-P-methyl.The MEP is available for collaborative projects,and provides a valuable toolbox for wheat genetics and breeding for sustainable agriculture.

Short Pulse Width and High Peak Power 457 nm Deep Blue Laser with V-Type Cavity

An intracavity frequency doubling acousto-optically Q-switched Neodymium-doped Yttrium Orthvanadate (Nd:YVO4) 457 nm blue laser by employing a three-mirror folded cavity was demonstrated. With the incident pump power of 40.4 W, the maximum average output power of 439 mW 457 nm laser, and the minimum pulse duration of 86.14 ns and the maximum peak power of 510 W were achieved at 10 kHz. The M2 factors are 1.23 and 1.61 in X and Y directions, respectively. The power stability in two hours is better than 2%.

Structure Design of Disposable Ocean Temperature Depth Sensing Probe Based on F-P Cavity and FBG

The basic principle of sensing is the combination of F-P cavity interference and fiber grating reflection. A hybrid structure sensor probe has been designed based on the combination of an F-P cavity of liquid-filled thermometer structure, and a fiber grating with an elastic diaphragm, herein F-P cavity is used for temperature sensing, and the fiber grating is used for pressure sensing. By adopting the dual optical path structure, the dual-parameter detection of temperature and depth is realized, which solves the problem of low accuracy caused by the cross response of temperature and pressure of a single sensor device and the calculation of the depth information of the ocean with empirical formulas. Compared with traditional sensors, the sensitivity is effectively improved. Theoretical analysis shows that the sensitivity of the F-P cavity with a thermometer structure filled with kerosene reaches 1.334 nm/?C, and the depth sensitivity of the fiber grating is 284.6 pm/Mpa within the ocean depth range of 0 - 400 m.

Effect of Austenitizing Treatment on Structure and Hardness of Bainite DuctileCast Iron

By continuous quenching process, the effect of austenitizing temperature and time on the structure and hardness of bainiteductile cast iron was studied. It was found that (l) low austenitizing temperature would result in scrap ferrite existing in matrix, whichreduces the macro-hardness of bainite ductile cast iron; (2) high austenitizing temperature would make carbide decomposed, which alsoinduces the macro-hardness of bainite cast iron, and (3) austenitizing time has little effect on the structure of bainite ductile cast iron, butas it increases, the macro-hardness ofbainite ductile cast iron and micro-hardness of bainite increases. To the ductile cast iron, as a result,the suitable austenitizing temperature and time are recommended as 880 and 120 min respectively.

疏水缔合碱溶性聚合物的相态转变与流变行为

采用单体直接滴加-半连续乳液聚合工艺合成了二十二烷基聚氧乙烯醚甲基丙烯酸酯(BEM)含量不同的疏水改性碱溶性聚丙烯酸乳液(HASE)。控制NaOH/COOH的摩尔比(R),研究了R对HASE体系的pH、透光率、黏度、溶解参数(SP)、表观离解常数(p Ka)及η_0、η_∞、[η]和流变性的影响。结果表明,pH在R=0.1~0.8范围呈平台状,HASE相态转变的起点是R≈0.4,终点是R≈0.8,对应的pH≈7;BEM量越多,质子迁移吉布斯能(ΔGel)越大,相态转变的R值越高;η0、η∞曲线在R≈0.8前后表现出2个斜率,而[η]只有1个斜率,且η0、η∞、[η]具有p H敏感性;稠度系数(K)随pH和BEM增加先增后降,流动指数(n)随p H和BEM先减小后增大。

Oxidation Resistance of Magnesium Alloyed by Different Elements:a Brief Review

The application of magnesium(Mg)and its alloys in automotive and aerospace industry is promoted gradually because of its outstanding properties,such as light weight,high specific strength and excellent castability.However,as a chemically active metal,Mg and its alloys generally possess low oxidation resistance in air at high temperatures because of the high affinity of Mg for O.This has caused a lot of industrial waste and a short service life.In the present work,according to the relevant mechanism of Mg alloy oxidation in air at high temperature,the effect of alloying elements on the oxidation of pure Mg and Mg alloys as well as the research progress of oxidation resistant Mg alloys are briefly reviewed.

Identificati on of can didate disease genes in patie nts with comm on variable immunodeficiency

Backgrounds Common variable immunodeficiency(CVID),the most prevalent form of primary immunodeficiency(PID),is characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia and recurrent infections.Understanding protein-protein interaction(PPI)networks of CVID genes and identifying candidate CVID genes are critical steps in facilitating the early diagnosis of CVID.Here,the aim was to investigate PPI networks of CVID genes and identify candidate CVID genes using computation techniques.Methods:Network density and biological distance were used to study PPI data for CVID and PID genes obtained from the STRING database.Gene expression data of patients with CVID were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus,and then Pearson's correlation coefficient,a PPI database,and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes were used to identify candidate CVID genes.We then evaluated our predictions and identified differentially expressed CVID genes.Results:The majority of CVID genes are characterized by a high network density and small biological distance,whereas most PID genes are characterized by a low network density and large biological distance,indicating that CVID genes are more functionally similar to each other and closely interact with one other compared with PID genes.Subsequently,we identified 172 CVID candidate genes that have similar biological functions to known CVID genes,and eight genes were recently reported as CVID-related genes.MYC,a candidate gene,was down-regulated in CVID duodenal biopsies,but up-regulated in blood samples compared with levels in healthy controls.Conclusion:Our findings will aid in a better understanding of the complex of CVID genes,possibly further facilitating the early diagnosis of CVID.

The Origins of Toroidal Micelles from a Liquid-crystalline Triblock Copolymer

of main observation and conclusion In this paper,we reported a systematic study on the formation mechanism of bent toroidal micelles from a triblock copolymer poly(acrylic acid)-block-(2-cinnamoyloxylethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(perfluorooctylethyl methacrylate)(PAA-b-PCEMA-b-PFMA)in the binary solvent mixture of methanol and a,a,a-trifluorotoluene(MeOH/TFT)through a heating-cooling procedure.It was found that the formation process of toroids was predominantly kinetic-controlled,and can be influenced by the preparation protocol,solvent composition and stirring rate of the solutions.The toroids were formed via a complicated morphological transition process.At high temperature,the polymer formed bilayered vesicles with bumpy surface,while upon cooling,the vesicles broke and unfolded into bumpy platelet micelles,which subsequently perforated into toroidal and cylindrical micelles upon further cooling.Besides the distinct and unique bumpy vesicle and platelet structures,the transformation mechanisms from vesicular to platelet,and toroidal micelles are also very intriguing,and may provide new insights into the interconversion of micellar morphologies.