Detection of Favorable Alleles for Quality- and Yield-related Traits in Wheat Using a Backcross Population

Development of wheat varieties with high yield and good quality has been a major objective in wheat breeding.A BC 1 F 2-3 population was used to detect QTLs for wheat quality related traits: SDS-sedimentation value (Ssd),grain protein content (GPC),grain hardness (GH) and 11 mixograph parameters,as well as five agronomic traits: spike length (SL),spikelet number per spike (SPN),grain number per spike (GN),thousand-grain weight (TGW),and plant height (PH).A total of 44 putative QTLs were detected in the present study,31 for quality parameters and 13 for important agronomic traits,including three important major QTLs.One major QTL for Ssd QSsd.saas-1B.1,linked to barc137,explained on average 21.1% of the phenotypic variation in three environments.The allele increasing Ssd at this locus also significantly increased GN.The second locus on chromosome 1B with the linked marker Barc 61 was a major locus for mixograph parameters.It explained 21.3%-32.5%,24.3%-30.6%,30.6%-37% and 20.1%-22.7% of phenotypic variation for mixing tolerance (MT),weakening slope (WS),midline peak time (MPTi) and midline time x =8 value (MTxW),respectively.The third major QTL,explaining above 40% of plant height variation,close to Rht-B 1 on the short arm of chromosome 4BS,co-located with QTL for quality and yield-related traits.

A Discussion on the Origin of Shale Reservoir Inter-Laminar Fractures in the Shahejie Formation of Paleogene, Dongying Depression

This paper was conducted on the shale reservoir in the Dongying depression in the Shahejie Formation of Paleogene. Based on detailed core description, rock thin sections, argon ion polishing, scanning electron microscopy（SEM） analysis, CT scanning and carbon-oxygen isotopic test, the formation mechanism of the inter-laminar fractures（or seams） and their development conditions were discussed by comprehensive analysis of the diagenetic evolution features and the reservoir space evolution characteristics. The results show that the laminated composite pattern in Dongying depression was dominated by vertical distribution of laminated calcite and clay minerals. Contrasted to the traditional understanding, development degree of inter-laminar fractures was much lower. Pure fluid between layers cannot exist without framework minerals, and the pre-existing well connected pore or horizontal overpressure micro seam was favorable paths of fluid migration. From the points of inter-laminar fractures origin mechanism and its evolution, the so called seams, were much more complex than traditional understanding that hydrocarbon generation raised the pore pressure and led to the parallel microfractures. But the inter-laminar fractures had little relationship with that whether the lamination was developed or bedding boundary was clear or not. In fact, the shale reservoir inter-laminar fractures were not rigorous fracture. They were controlled by pre-existing inter-granular pore（or seam） or dissolved pore, which distributed along carbonate laminae boundary and were connected by later super pressure, dissolution and the seepage force. And the development conditions were burial depth（bigger than 3 000 m） and the Ro value（〉0.6%）. Discussion on its origin and evolution has important petroleum geological significance on optimizing reservoir segment and favorable target areas selection.

Sedimentation in a Continental High-Frequency Oscillatory Lake in an Arid Climatic Background:A Case Study of the Lower Eocene in the Dongying Depression,China

The sedimentary environment, formation conditions, sedimentary characteristics and the basin evolution model of high-frequency oscillatory lake in arid climatic background of the Lower Eocene in the Dongying depression were studied through the analysis of drilling cores, sporepollen, geochemistry and geophysics data. During the sedimentary period of the Eocene Ek^3-Es^4x formations, because of the frequent alternation between dry and wet climates in the arid climatic background and the gentle paleo- geomorphology, the lake level and salinity of the Early Eocene Dongying depression frequently and rap- idly increased and decreased, which is referred to as a high-frequency oscillatory lake. The sedimentation and distribution of sediments in this high-frequency oscillatory lake basin were controlled by the fre- quently alternating dry-wet climates. During periods with relatively wet climate, the seasonal floods and unstable rivers led to the formation of over-flooding lake deltas in the gentle slope belt, and fine-grained clastic sediments, with minor thin layers of gypsum-salt rocks in the sag belt. During the relatively arid climatic periods, sedimentation occurred mainly in the limited area of the sag belt with thick gypsum-salt rocks. Because of the impact of the salinity stratification of the lake water, these gypsum-salt rocks exhibit annular structural features. A sedimentary cycle of the oscillatory lake began with isochronous flood channels and ended with relatively thick gypsum rocks and salt rocks. The thickness of one oscillatory cy- cle is generally 4-20 m. The superposition of multiple sedimentary cycles of the oscillatory lake constitutes the overall vertical idling sequence of the high-frequency oscillatory lake basin.

Comparative proteomic analysis of cold responsive proteins in two wheat cultivars with different tolerance to spring radiation frost

Spring radiation frost(SRF)is a severe environmental stress which impairs wheat yield and productivity worldwide.To better understand the mechanism of wheat(Triticum aestivum)responding to SRF,a comparative proteomic analysis was performed to analyze the changes of the key proteins in two wheat cultivars Jimai22 and Luyuan301 with high and low tolerance to SRF respectively.A total of 43 differentially expressed proteins(DEPs)which mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism,amino acid metabolism,resistance proteins and antioxidant enzymes,photosynthesis and cellular respiration proteins,cell-wall related proteins,protein translation/processing/degradation and signal transduction were isolated and identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF-TOF MS.The results revealed that of the 21 DEPs in Jimai22 responding to the SRF,13 DEPs were upregulated and 8 DEPs were downregulated,and that of the 22 DEPs in Luyuan301,9 DEPs were upregulated and 13 DEPs were downregulated.These DEPs might be responsible for the stronger cold resistance of Jimai22 compared to Luyuan301.The expression pattern and function analysis of these DEPs were very significant to understanding the mechanism of the SRF responses in wheat.

Formation mechanism of carbonates in the lacustrine muddy shale and it implication for shale oil and gas: A case study of source rocks in Member 4 and Member 3 of Shahejie Formation, Dongying sag

Through analysis of microscopic characteristics,mineral components,elements and isotopes,the genetic mechanism of carbonates in the deep lacustrine source rocks in the upper submember of Member 4 and lower submember of Member 3 of Shahejie Formation in Dongying sag,is well investigated.The results show that four types of carbonates in the deep lake,i.e.,lenticular coarse crystalline carbonate,lamellar micro-fine crystalline carbonate,lamellar cryptocrystalline carbonate and massive cryptocrystalline carbonate.Of which,the lenticular coarse crystalline carbonate is formed by diagenetic recrystallization.For the lamellar micro-fine crystalline carbonate and the lamellar cryptocrystalline carbonate,through the alga photosynthesis,the carbon dioxide(CO_(2))is constantly extracted from water,thus the concentration of CO_(3)^(-2) ion in water increases,and then the CO_(3)^(-2) ion reacts with Ca2+ ion in lake water surface to form the carbonates;the saline water environment is favorable for preservation of carbonate particles which mostly occur in lamellar micro-fine crystalline;in the brackish water environment,the water is deep,and the carbonate crystalline beneath the carbonate compensation depth surface is usually is dissolved,and most of lamellar cryptocrystalline are preserved.The massive cryptocrystalline carbonate is formed by the sedimentary carbonate which transport from shallow water to deep water by gravity flow.To some extent,the carbonates control reservoir property and compressibility of muddy shale in the upper submember of Member 4 and lower submember of Member 3 of Shahejie Formation in Dongying sag,and provide important information for reconstruction of sedimentary environment of the ancient lake.

Space-Time Evolution and Controlling Factor of Fine-Grained Sediments in the Upper Fourth Member of Shahejie Formation, Dongying Depression

Fine-grained rocks（FGR） are the important source rocks and reservoirs of shale hydrocarbon which is the prospect hotspot at present. Widely distributed fine-grained sediments（FGS） of the upper fourth member of Shahejie Formation in Dongying depression are taken as an example to study the space-time evolution and controlling factor of FGS in this paper. Based on the analysis of well cores, thin sections, inorganic and organic geochemistry indicators, FGR are divided into 7 types of lithofacies. Through the study of ‘point-line-plane＇, this study shows that FGS has the characteristics of rhythum, diversity and succession. The first stage is characterized by clayey FGS（massive claystone）. The second stage is characterized by carbonate FGS（low-TOC laminated limestone） and dolomitic FGS（dolomitic-silty shale） formed by transgression. The third stage is characterized by organic-rich carbonate FGS（middle/high-TOC laminated limestone） distributed in cycle. The fourth stage is characterized by FGS mixed carbonate and siliciclastic sediments（calcareous-silty shale）. A variety of space-time evolution of FGS are controlled by multiple factors including tectonism, climate and lake conditions.