Three-dimensional characteristics of mesoscale eddies simulated by a regional model in the northwestern Pacific Ocean during 2000–2008

Mesoscale eddies play vital roles in ocean processes.Although previous studies focused on eddy surface features and individual three-dimensional(3D)eddy cases in the northwestern Pacific Ocean,the analysis of unique eddy3D regional characteristics is still lacking.A 3D eddy detection scheme is applied to 9 years(2000-2008)of eddyresolving Regional Ocean Modeling System(ROMS)output to obtain a 3D eddy dataset from the surface to a depth of 1000 m in the northwestern Pacific Ocean(15°-35°N,120°-145°E).The 3D characteristics of mesoscale eddies are analyzed in two regions,namely,Box1(Subtropical Countercurrent,15°-25°N,120°-145°E)and Box2(Southern Kuroshio Extension,25°-35°N,120°-145°E).In Box1,the current is characterized by strong vertical shear and weak horizontal shear.In Box2,the current is characterized by the strong Kuroshio,topographic effect,and the westward propagation of Rossby waves.The results indicate the importance of baroclinic instability in Box1,whereas in Box2,both the barotropic and baroclinic instability are important.Moreover,the mesoscale eddies’properties in Box1 and Box2 are distinct.The eddies in Box1 have larger number and radius but a shorter lifetime.By contrast,Box2 has fewer eddies,which have smaller radius but longer lifetime.Vertically,more eddies are detected at the subsurface than at the surface in both regions;the depth of 650 m is the turning point in Box1.Above this depth,the number of cyclonic eddies(CEs)is larger than that of anticyclonic eddies(AEs).In Box2,the number of CEs is dominant vertically.Eddy kinetic energy(EKE)and mean normalized relative vorticity in Box2are significantly higher than those in Box1.With increasing depth,the attenuation trend of EKE and relative vorticity of Box1 become greater than those of Box2.Furthermore,the upper ocean(about 300 m in depth)contains 68.6%of the eddies(instantaneous eddy).Only 16.6%of the eddies extend to 1000 m.In addition,about87%of the eddies are bowl-shaped eddies in the two regions.Only about 3%are cone-shaped eddies.With increasing depth of the eddies,the proportion of bowl-shaped eddies gradually decreases.Conversely,the coneand lens-shaped eddies are equal in number at 700-1000 m,accounting for about 30%each.Studying the 3D characteristics of eddies in two different regions of the northwestern Pacific Ocean is an important stepping stone for discussing the different eddy generation mechanisms.

Sri Lanka seasonal warm pools

Sri Lanka seasonal warm pools(SSWPs)with high sea surface temperature(SST)(greater than 29.6℃in summer and greater than 28℃in winter)around the Sri Lanka Island are discovered using 37-year(1982–2018)satellite remote sensing SST data.It is identifi ed that during the onset of the summer(winter)monsoon,the maximum SST in the SSWPs can be 1.8℃(0.8℃)higher than the surrounding ocean.Due to orographic infl uences,the wind intensity on the leeward side of Sri Lanka is weakened,reducing evaporation and oceanic mixing,and resulting in higher SST.The analysis of the long-term data shows that SSWPs are related to El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)events.Background currents are also found to play important roles in governing the SSWPs intensities through the heat advection.

An Experimental Study on the Performance of Storage Pulverizing System after Renovation of Importing Hot Air

A thermal power plant of Sinopec has 9 boilers, which generally have problems of high exhaust gas temperature and high flying ash carbon content. In order to improve the adaptability of coals, the stability of coal powder ignition, the burn-off rate of pulverized coals and the boiler efficiency, a series of renovation projects about importing hot air into mill exhauster are proposed. For the sake of verifying the renovation effects, an efficiency performance test is conducted on the renovated #5 boiler. The test result shows that the boiler heat efficiency has improved by 0.4% and it operates more safely and reliably after the renovation. At last, this paper recommends an optimized operation mode.

负压性脑积水的诊治5例分析及文献复习

目的探讨负压性脑积水患者的临床表现、发病机制、诊断、治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析2019年1月至2021年12月天津市环湖医院神经外科收治的5例负压性脑积水患者的临床资料,所有患者均行腰椎穿刺及脑室穿刺测压、CT脑池造影等检查,测量患者脊髓蛛网膜下腔与脑室内压力,根据不同情况行脑室外低位引流及内镜下三脑室底造瘘等治疗,观察患者转归。结果经测量5例患者脊髓蛛网膜下腔压力与脑室内压力不相等,且脑室内压力为负。脑池造影显示5例病例均存在脑脊液循环梗阻。1例患者经脑室外低位负压引流后症状好转,3例患者进一步行三脑室底造瘘术后临床症状好转,1例患者出现肺部感染未进一步手术治疗。结论存在脑脊液循环梗阻的情况下,侧脑室、蛛网膜下腔压力不等,当脑组织压或蛛网膜下腔压力下降时,侧脑室与蛛网膜下腔产生压力梯度,在压力梯度作用下脑室扩张,脑室内压下降甚至为负压,这可能是负压性脑积水的发病机制。CT脑池造影为该疾病的诊断及明确其机制提供有力证据,脑室外低位引流及三脑室底造瘘是有效的治疗方法。

The heterogeneity of islet autoantibodies and the progression of islet failure in type 1 diabetic patients

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is heterogeneous in many facets. The patients suffered from type 1 diabetes present several levels of islet function as well as variable number and type of islet-specific autoantibodies. This study was to investigate prevalence and heterogeneity of the islet autoantibodies and clinical phenotypes of type 1 diabetes mellitus; and also discussed the process of islet failure and its risk factors in Chinese type 1 diabetic patients. A total of 1,291 type 1 diabetic patients were enrolled in this study. Demographic information was collected. Laboratory tests including mixed-meal tolerance test, human leukocyte antigen alleles, hemoglobin A1 c, lipids, thyroid function and islet autoantibodies were conducted. The frequency of islet-specific autoantibody in newly diagnosed T1 DM patients(duration shorter than half year) was 73% in East China. According to binary logistic regressions, autoantibody positivity, longer duration and lower Body Mass Index were the risk factors of islet failure. As the disease developed, autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase declined as well as the other two autoantibodies against zinc transporter 8 and islet antigen 2. The decrease of autoantibodies was positively correlated with aggressive beta cell destruction. Autoantibodies can facilitate the identification of classic T1 DM from other subtypes and predict the progression of islet failure. As there were obvious heterogeneity in autoantibodies and clinical manifestation in different phenotypes of the disease, we should take more factors into consideration when identifying type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Recent Developments in Artificial Intelligence in Oceanography

With the availability of petabytes of oceanographic observations and numerical model simulations,artificial intelligence(AI)tools are being increasingly leveraged in a variety of applications.In this paper,these applications are reviewed from the perspectives of identifying,forecasting,and parameterizing ocean phenomena.Specifically,the usage of AI algorithms for the identification of mesoscale eddies,internal waves,oil spills,sea ice,and marine algae are discussed in this paper.Additionally,AI-based forecasting of surface waves,the El Niño Southern Oscillation,and storm surges is discussed.This is followed by a discussion on the usage of these schemes to parameterize oceanic turbulence and atmospheric moist physics.Moreover,physics-informed deep learning and neural networks are discussed within an oceanographic context,and further applications with ocean digital twins and physics-constrained AI algorithms are described.This review is meant to introduce beginners and experts in the marine sciences to AI methodologies and stimulate future research toward the usage of causality-adherent physics-informed neural networks and Fourier neural networks in oceanography.