Recent techniques on analyses and characterizations of shale gas and oil reservoir

This article offers a comprehensive review focused on the analysis and characterization of shale reservoirs,unconventional hydrocarbon resources that uniquely serve as both the source reservoir for gas and oil,and the rock.To analyze and characterize shale reservoirs,pore structure,rock components and rock mechanical properties are three main factors to analyze.These three main factors are necessary for successful field operations in shale reservoirs.Until now,there are various techniques utilized to characterize these three properties.Therefore,this study delves into the intricacies of shale reservoir's pore structure,rock components and mechanical properties under varying geological conditions,summarizing various techniques utilized to characterize these properties in previous studies.The study also discusses the role of analytical techniques in understanding the complex interactions between kerogen and the surrounding mineral matrix.By providing a summary of various techniques operated on the mentioned three main factors,this paper supplies the effective and optimal technique on analyzing different properties of shale reservoirs.Furthermore,the paper aims to contribute to more effective resource assessment and production optimization in shale reservoirs,offering insights that have significant implications for the future of unconventional hydrocarbon extraction.

Excitatory somatostatin interneurons in the dentate gyrus drive a widespread seizure network in cortical dysplasia

Seizures due to cortical dysplasia are notorious for their poor prognosis even with medications and surgery,likely due to the widespread seizure network.Previous studies have primarily focused on the disruption of dysplastic lesions,rather than remote regions such as the hippocampus.Here,we first quantified the epileptogenicity of the hippocampus in patients with late-stage cortical dysplasia.We further investigated the cellular substrates leading to the epileptic hippocampus,using multiscale tools including calcium imaging,optogenetics,immunohistochemistry and electrophysiology.For the first time,we revealed the role of hippocampal somatostatin-positive interneurons in cortical dysplasia-related seizures.Somatostatin-positive were recruited during cortical dysplasia-related seizures.Interestingly,optogenetic studies suggested that somatostatin-positive interneurons paradoxically facilitated seizure generalization.By contrast,parvalbumin-positive interneurons retained an inhibitory role as in controls.Electrophysiological recordings and immunohistochemical studies revealed glutamate-mediated excitatory transmission from somatostatin-positive interneurons in the dentate gyrus.Taken together,our study reveals a novel role of excitatory somatostatin-positive neurons in the seizure network and brings new insights into the cellular basis of cortical dysplasia.

Modeling seed user from short message records

Short messages are an important part of social media network.Besides traditional communications,short messages can also be used for education,entertainment and even business.Nowadays,much work has been devoted to mining useful information and knowledge from short messages via classification and clustering approaches.However,in many situations,it is vital to identify some influential users whose messages will result in a large amount of forwarding,these users are called seed users.In this paper,studies on the forwarding behavior of mobile phone users are carried out first,then,a directed graph-based short message forwarding model is setup,together with a“Reverse PageRank”scoring policy.Finally,the forwarding model and scoring policy have been applied to a real short message record dataset from some telecom operator.By some exploratory data analysis of the dataset,parameters of the forwarding model are determined.Experimental results show that the model and the scoring policy are effective in finding out seed users.