中国肺癌低剂量CT筛查指南(2023年版)

肺癌是导致中国癌症死亡的首要原因。近年来低剂量计算机断层扫描(low-dose computed tomography,LDCT)筛查的效果进一步被证实,并且在高危人群选择、筛查间隔及结节管理的研究方面取得了显著进展。本研究的目的是对2018年中国肺癌LDCT筛查指南进行修订。由国家卫健委任命的中国肺癌早诊早治专家组专家及中国西部肺癌研究协作中心部分专家,共同参与了2023版中国肺癌筛查指南的修订工作。专家们根据近年来国内外LDCT肺癌筛查进展,结合我国肺癌流行病学特征,共同修订了本次肺癌筛查指南。本指南对以下方面进行了修订:(1)高危人群定义中考虑了除吸烟外其他肺癌危险因素;(2)对LDCT扫描参数进行了修改和补充;(3)扩大了部分筛查阴性个体的筛查间隔;(4)将部分阳性结节的随访时间由3个月调整为6个月;(5)强调了多学科诊疗(multi-disciplinary treatment,MDT)在阳性结节管理、肺癌诊断和治疗中的作用。本次修订将使得LDCT筛查指南更适应我国国情,并使筛查、干预与治疗路径更为明确。未来应进一步基于新兴技术,包括生物标志物及人工智能研究,优化肺癌LDCT筛查方法及技术。

Study on Callus Induction and Tissue Culture Regeneration System of Malus toringoides

[Objectives]To study the culture of callus produced by the leaves of the ethnic medicine‘E Se’,the induction of adventitious buds and the regeneration system of tissue culture seedlings.[Methods]Multi-factor orthogonal experiment was used to design and analyze.[Results]The best medium for callus induction was MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L 2,4-D.By comparing the effects of cytokinin 6-BA,KT and TDZ on induction of adventitious bud differentiation,it was found that the optimum medium for adventitious bud regeneration was MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L KT+0.15 mg/L IBA.Finally,adding 0.2 mg/L IBA(0.1 or 0.2 mg/L)to MS medium could effectively make regenerated seedlings produce roots,and the efficiency was more than 70%.[Conclusions]It laid a foundation for the large-scale cultivation of the seedlings of the ethnic medicine‘E Se’and the promotion of their artificial cultivation.

Software approaches for resilience of high performance computing systems:a survey

With the scaling up of high-performance computing systems in recent years,their reliability has been descending continuously.Therefore,system resilience has been regarded as one of the critical challenges for large-scale HPC systems.Various techniques and systems have been proposed to ensure the correct execution and completion of parallel programs.This paper provides a comprehensive survey of existing software resilience approaches.Firstly,a classification of software resilience approaches is presented;then we introduce major approaches and techniques,including checkpointing,replication,soft error resilience,algorithmbased fault tolerance,fault detection and prediction.In addition,challenges exposed by system-scale and heterogeneous architecture are also discussed.

Zn-doping enhances the photoluminescence and stability of PbS quantum dots for in vivo high-resolution imaging in the NIR-II window

Lead sulfide(PbS)quantum dots(QDs)are important near infrared(NIR)luminescent materials with tunable and strong emission covering a broad NIR region.However,their optical properties are quite sensitive to air,water,and high temperature due to the surface oxidation,thus limiting their applications in optoelectronic devices and biological imaging.Herein,a cation-doping strategy is presented to make a series of high-quality Zn-doped PbS QDs with strong emission covering whole second near-infrared window(NIR-II,1,000-1,700 nm).First-principle calculations confirmed that Zn dopants formed dopant states and decreased the recombination energy gap of host PbS.Notably,the Zn dopants significantly improved the quantum yield,photoluminescence lifetime and thermal stability of PbS QDs.Moreover,the PEGylated Zn-doped PbS QDs emitting in the NIR-llb window(1,500-1,700 nm)realized the noninvasive imaging of cerebral vascular of mouse with high resolution,being able to distinguish blood capillary.This material not only provides a new tool for deep tissue fluorescence imaging,but is also promising for the development of other NIR related devices.

极化电荷设计调控纳米复合体系的能带结构

光生电子空穴对分离是光催化领域的关键过程和核心议题之一.本文聚焦新型光催化复合材料的设计和调控,系统地介绍了复合材料设计中通过体系能带结构的调控实现有效的电荷分离的常用手段,包括构建肖特基结、p-n结等异质结构和诱导界面电荷极化;包括构建三元复合结构ZnS-(CdS/金属),利用金属纳米颗粒修饰半导体CdS,调控CdS的能带结构,实现ZnS-CdS异质结从Ⅰ型到Ⅱ型的转化;通过在TiO_2-Ag_2S界面处复合Ag,调控体系的能带结构,设计出复合材料TiO_2-Ag-Ag_2S,实现Z-方案;设计了可以对太阳光进行全谱吸收的新型复合材料Cu2S-CdS-ZnS,并证实p-n结可以有效调控复合体系的能带结构.这些工作为纳米半导体复合材料在光电转换和光催化方面的发展提供了新的思路.

Efficient defect-controlled photocatalytic hydrogen generation based on near-infrared Cu-In-Zn-S quantum dots

The development of photocatalysts that can effectively harvest visible light is essential for advances in high-efficiency solar-driven hydrogen generation. Herein, we synthesized water soluble CuInS2 （CIS） and Cu-In-Zn-S （CIZS） quantum dots （QDs） by using one-pot aqueous method. The CIZS QDs are well passivated by glutathione ligands and are highly stable in aqueous conditions. We subsequently applied these QDs as a light harvesting material for photocatalytic hydrogen generation. Unlike most small band gap materials that show extremely low efficienc36 these new QDs display remarkable energy conversion efficiency in the visible and near-infrared regions. The external quantum efficiency at 650 nm is - 1.5%, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the highest value achieved until now in the near-infrared region.

Blockchain-Based Data Sharing System for AI-Powered Network Operations

The explosive development of mobile communications and networking has led to the creation of an extremely complex system,which is difficult to manage.Hence,we propose an AI-powered network framework that uses AI technologies to operate the network automatically.However,due to the separation between different mobile network operators,data barriers between diverse operators become bottlenecks to exploit the full power of AI.In this paper,we establish a mutual trust data sharing framework to break these data barriers.The framework is based on the distributed and temper-proof attributes of blockchain.We implement a prototype based on Hyperledger Fabric.The proposed system combines supervision and fine-grained data access control based on smart contracts,which provides a secure and trustless environment for data sharing.We further compare our system with existing data sharing schemes,and we find that our system provides a better functionality.

Development of peptidomimetic hydroxamates as PfA-M1 and PfA-M17 dual inhibitors: Biological evaluation and structural characterization by cocrystallization

Plasmodium parasites causing malaria have developed resistance to most of the antimalarials in use,in-cluding the artemisinin-based combinations,which are the last line of defense against malaria.This ne-cessitates the discovery of new targets and the development of novel antimalarials.Plasmodium falciparum alanyl aminopeptidase(PfA-M1)and leucyl aminopeptidase(PfA-M17)belong to the M1 and M17 family of metalloproteases respectively and play critical roles in the asexual erythrocytic stage of development.These enzymes have been suggested as potential antimalarial drug targets.Herein we describe the devel-opment of peptidomimetic hydroxamates as PfA-M1 and PfA-M17 dual inhibitors.Most of the compounds described in this study display inhibition at sub-micromolar range against the recombinant PfA-M1 and PfA-M17.More importantly,compound 26 not only exhibits potent malarial aminopeptidases inhibitory activities(PfA-M1 K i=0.11±0.0002μmol/L,PfA-M17 K_(i)=0.05±0.005μmol/L),but also possesses remarkable selectivity over the mammalian counterpart(pAPN K_(i)=17.24±0.08μmol/L),which endows 26 with strong inhibition of the malarial parasite growth and negligible cytotoxicity on human cell lines.Crystal structures of PfA-M1 at atomic resolution in complex with four different compounds including compound 26 establish the structural basis for their inhibitory activities.Notably,the terminal ureidoben-zyl group of 26 explores the S2' region where differences between the malarial and mammalian enzymes are apparent,which rationalizes the selectivity of 26.Together,our data provide important insights for the rational and structure-based design of selective and dual inhibitors of malarial aminopeptidases that will likely lead to novel chemotherapeutics for the treatment of malaria.

User-level failure detection and auto-recovery of parallel programs in HPC systems

As the mean-time-between-failures(MTBF)continues to decline with the increasing number of components on large-scale high performance computing(HPC)systems,program failures might occur during the execution period with high probability.Ensuring successful execution of the HPC programs has become an issue that the unprivileged users should be concerned.From the user perspective,if the program failure cannot be detected and handled in time,it would waste resources and delay the progress of program execution.Unfortunately,the unprivileged users are unable to perform program state checking due to execution control by the job management system as well as the limited privilege.Currently,automated tools for supporting user-level failure detection and autorecovery of parallel programs in HPC systems are missing.This paper proposes an innovative method for the unprivileged user to achieve failure detection of job execution and automatic resubmission of failed jobs.The state checker in our method is encapsulated as an independent job to reduce interference with the user jobs.In addition,we propose a dual-checker mechanism to improve the robustness of our approach.We implement the proposed method as a tool named automatic re-launcher(ARL)and evaluate it on the Tianhe-2 system.Experiment results show that ARL can detect the execution failures effectively on Tianhe-2 system.In addition,the communication and performance overhead caused by ARL is negligible.The good scalability of ARL makes it applicable for large-scale HPC systems.