地球极尖区是太阳风等离子体进入内磁层和电离层的一个重要“窗口”,但其总体结构长期以来尚未确定.2008年3月8日两个连续亚暴期间,太阳风的整体变化范围较大,基于全球三维数值模拟我们建立了一个由行星际磁场(interplanetary magnetic ...地球极尖区是太阳风等离子体进入内磁层和电离层的一个重要“窗口”,但其总体结构长期以来尚未确定.2008年3月8日两个连续亚暴期间,太阳风的整体变化范围较大,基于全球三维数值模拟我们建立了一个由行星际磁场(interplanetary magnetic field,IMF)B_(Y)、B_(Z)控制的低高度(1.1个地球半径高度)极尖区的预报模式.该模式由椭圆函数构造而成,拟合函数由极尖区位置和宽度控制并取决于IMF B_(Y)和B_(Z).极尖区地磁纬度(geomagnetic latitude,MLAT)随着向北IMF B_(Z)的增加而增加,随着向南IMF B_(Z)的增加而明显降低.当B_(Y)=0时,磁地方时(magnetic local time,MLT)接近12,当IMF为东向(西向)时,极尖区中心将位于北半球下午(上午)侧.MLAT宽度随IMF B_(Z)从北转南而减小,MLT宽度随IMF B_(Z)从北转南而增大.通过与DMSP卫星观测结果的比较分析,验证了该模型的有效性.基于低高度极尖区预报模式,将进一步建立极尖区三维预报模式,这将有助于空间天气预报.展开更多
By use of the global PPMLR Magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) model,a serial of quasisteady-state numerical simulations were conducted to examine the modulation property of the interplanetary magnetic field clock angle θ on t...By use of the global PPMLR Magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) model,a serial of quasisteady-state numerical simulations were conducted to examine the modulation property of the interplanetary magnetic field clock angle θ on the solar wind energy input into the magnetosphere.All the simulations can be divided into seven groups according to different criteria of solar wind conditions.For each group,37 numerical examples are analyzed,with the clock angle varying from 0° to 360° with an interval of 10°,keeping the other solar wind parameters(such as the solar wind number density,velocity,and the magnetic field magnitude) unchanged.As expected,the solar wind energy input into the magnetosphere is modulated by the IMF clock angle.The axisymmetrical bell-shaped curve peaks at the clock angle of 180°.However,the modulation effect remains invariant with varying other solar wind conditions.The function form of such an invariant modulation is found to be sin(0/2)^(2.70) + 0.25.展开更多
Polyurethanes incorporating spiropyran(SP)and diselenide(DiSe)in the main chain,which are confined in different hard segments are developed.Visible light-driven diselenide metathesis and mechanically induced ring open...Polyurethanes incorporating spiropyran(SP)and diselenide(DiSe)in the main chain,which are confined in different hard segments are developed.Visible light-driven diselenide metathesis and mechanically induced ring opening of SP offer self-healing and mechanochromic properties of the polymers,respectively.Delicate selection of the polymer backbone is found essential to promote the dual functions.In particular for polyurethane with SP coupled into 4,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate)and DiSe linked with isophorone diisocyanate,excellent mechanical,mechanochromic and self-healing properties are estimated.Moreover,combining self-healing and self-reporting moieties in one chain allows the discrimination of different healing mechanisms,including bond formation and chain entanglement,in a visualized way.展开更多
The three-dimensional global magnetohydrodynamic model(PPM-LR MHD)is employed to investigate the energy budget in the solar wind-magnetosphere system during the super magnetic storm on November 20,2003,one of the bigg...The three-dimensional global magnetohydrodynamic model(PPM-LR MHD)is employed to investigate the energy budget in the solar wind-magnetosphere system during the super magnetic storm on November 20,2003,one of the biggest storms during the last decade with Dst^-500 n T.During this event,about 23%solar wind kinetic energy is transferred into the magnetosphere.The total energy input is estimated to be about 9.50×1017 J,about 14 times of a moderate storm.The energy dissipation via the inner magnetosphere is less than the energy input with the coupling efficiency of^63.3%.The energy dissipated via ring current injection is less than that via high-latitude ionosphere at the initial stage of the super storm.Furthermore,both the simulation results and the empirical results indicate that the ratio of ring current injection to the total energy output increases with the enhancement of the magnetospheric activity level.These are consistent with the statistical results we have got before.The empirical equations underestimate the solar wind kinetic energy,the energy input,and the energy dissipation via high-latitude ionosphere compared with the simulation results;however,the coupling efficiency of the high-latitude ionosphere(23.4%)is close to the simulation result(23.1%)during the entire storm time period.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program(2012CB825602)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NNSFC,41204118,41231067)in part by the Specialized Research Fund for State Key Laboratories of China
文摘By use of the global PPMLR Magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) model,a serial of quasisteady-state numerical simulations were conducted to examine the modulation property of the interplanetary magnetic field clock angle θ on the solar wind energy input into the magnetosphere.All the simulations can be divided into seven groups according to different criteria of solar wind conditions.For each group,37 numerical examples are analyzed,with the clock angle varying from 0° to 360° with an interval of 10°,keeping the other solar wind parameters(such as the solar wind number density,velocity,and the magnetic field magnitude) unchanged.As expected,the solar wind energy input into the magnetosphere is modulated by the IMF clock angle.The axisymmetrical bell-shaped curve peaks at the clock angle of 180°.However,the modulation effect remains invariant with varying other solar wind conditions.The function form of such an invariant modulation is found to be sin(0/2)^(2.70) + 0.25.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21734006,21975178 and 22275068)the Open Project of the State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials,and the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFF1202902)。
文摘Polyurethanes incorporating spiropyran(SP)and diselenide(DiSe)in the main chain,which are confined in different hard segments are developed.Visible light-driven diselenide metathesis and mechanically induced ring opening of SP offer self-healing and mechanochromic properties of the polymers,respectively.Delicate selection of the polymer backbone is found essential to promote the dual functions.In particular for polyurethane with SP coupled into 4,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate)and DiSe linked with isophorone diisocyanate,excellent mechanical,mechanochromic and self-healing properties are estimated.Moreover,combining self-healing and self-reporting moieties in one chain allows the discrimination of different healing mechanisms,including bond formation and chain entanglement,in a visualized way.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2012CB825602)the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China(Grant Nos.41204118,41231067)the Specialized Research Fund for State Key Laboratories of China
文摘The three-dimensional global magnetohydrodynamic model(PPM-LR MHD)is employed to investigate the energy budget in the solar wind-magnetosphere system during the super magnetic storm on November 20,2003,one of the biggest storms during the last decade with Dst^-500 n T.During this event,about 23%solar wind kinetic energy is transferred into the magnetosphere.The total energy input is estimated to be about 9.50×1017 J,about 14 times of a moderate storm.The energy dissipation via the inner magnetosphere is less than the energy input with the coupling efficiency of^63.3%.The energy dissipated via ring current injection is less than that via high-latitude ionosphere at the initial stage of the super storm.Furthermore,both the simulation results and the empirical results indicate that the ratio of ring current injection to the total energy output increases with the enhancement of the magnetospheric activity level.These are consistent with the statistical results we have got before.The empirical equations underestimate the solar wind kinetic energy,the energy input,and the energy dissipation via high-latitude ionosphere compared with the simulation results;however,the coupling efficiency of the high-latitude ionosphere(23.4%)is close to the simulation result(23.1%)during the entire storm time period.
