真菌电化学修复除草剂污染土壤:降解动力学探索

【目的】微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)在去除污染物的同时产出电能,是一种颇有前景的生态修复手段。构建真菌强化MFC装置,比较电动力(EK)、真菌、MFC修复除草剂污染土壤效果及优缺点,探索MFC在有机污染物修复中的应用潜力。【方法】设计了一种添加真菌进行生物强化的MFC,并用EK、真菌、MFC三种方法修复两种除草剂污染的灭菌土壤。经筛选和驯化的疣孢漆斑菌和踝节菌菌株用于后两种方法,研究真菌强化对MFC去除除草剂的影响。测量土壤pH、电导率、除草剂去除率,MFC产电性能,用气相色谱-质谱鉴定两种除草剂的降解产物。【结果】EK修复中,添加模拟电解液、碳纤维条、加电10 V的处理组7 d后氯氟吡啶酯(F)和高效氟吡甲禾灵(H)去除率分别为71%和38%。真菌、MFC处理F的最大去除率达到100%。对比踝节菌,疣孢漆斑菌对两种除草剂的降解性能更好,疣孢漆斑菌、踝节菌单菌构建的MFC对H的去除率分别为62.5%和24.1%。F降解产物为氟氯吡啶酸,H降解产物为乙酸大茴香酯,推测了降解路径和降解动力学。三种方法降解F以及EK降解H均符合动力学一级反应,而真菌和MFC降解H符合二级反应。【结论】对比EK、真菌修复,MFC修复效果更好,该方法可以较快地修复土壤又无需额外供电,是一种经济有效的自持式修复策略。

药用植物亲缘学理论创新与应用实践

通过回顾药用植物亲缘学的建立、发展历程,总结了其在寻找进口药的国产替代资源、药用植物新分类群的发现、新药源寻找和资源开发利用、中药(民族药)质量评价等方面研究内容及实践成果。在未来的发展道路中,其将不断融合新知识、新技术,整理、总结药用植物研究开发经验技术,促进中药资源可持续利用和中医药传承创新。

人字果属植物药用亲缘学探讨

人字果属(Dichocarpum W.T.Wang&P.K.Hsiao)植物为毛茛科唐松草亚科多年生草本植物,为东亚大陆特有,主要分布在中国,多具有传统药用价值。为更好地发掘其药用潜力,对该属植物亲缘关系、化学成分和药理活性进行归纳总结,并对其药用亲缘学进行探讨。研究发现,在化学和分子水平上,人字果属和扁果草属(Isopyrum L.)具有较近的亲缘关系;从该属仅分离得到16个化合物,利用液质联用色谱方法鉴定出了120多个化合物,主要包括苄基异喹啉生物碱类、黄酮类、三萜皂苷类、氰类、内酯等,其中三萜皂苷类化合物主要存在于纵肋人字果系,提示该系是一个特殊的类群,在演化程度上比人字果系更高;人字果属中发现的苄基异喹啉生物碱具有抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性,这与耳状人字果治疗癫痫的传统应用相关。对人字果属植物的药用亲缘关系进行了初步探讨,有助于对该属植物药用资源进行保护和开发利用。

土建场地和建材的生物改良技术研究进展

近年来,建造生物技术,尤其是建材和土建场地的生物改良技术的各个方面开始形成一个新的跨学科领域,涉及环境和工业微生物学、生物地球化学,以及生物技术在岩土工程和土木/环境工程中的多方面应用。概述土建场地和建材的微生物技术改良研究和应用进展,讨论建造相关的生物地球化学过程:生物聚集可用于控制风土侵蚀和粉尘排放;生物结壳、生物堵塞和土壤生物黏固各自具有不同的机理和使用方式;其他新颖的土地改良方式,如水饱和无黏性土壤的生物去饱和,软土的生物胶囊化和土壤污染物的生物固定化等各自具有独特的机制和优点。目前绝大多数微生物岩土工程研究仍停留在实验室阶段,需要更多努力将科学理念转化为可行的技术。因此,撰写本文目的是概述土建场地和建材的微生物技术改良研究和应用进展,讨论相关研究者和工程师需要了解的建造相关微生物过程,简要讨论各种现场应用的设计原则和注意事项。

一株分泌型铁载体真菌分离鉴定及生物活性研究

从云南省国家自然保护区哀牢山原始森林土壤环境中分离1株分泌型铁载体真菌,并探讨了其对罹烟草青枯病土壤微生物生理生化功能的影响,为菌株的开发利用提供理论依据。稀释涂布法从土壤样品中分离纯化分泌型铁载体真菌菌株,形态学结合rDNA-ITS基因序列鉴定菌株分类学地位。铬天青S(chromeazurol S,CAS)液检测法结合全波段紫外光吸收法,判定铁载体化学结构类型,检测其活性。DNS比色法和Biolog-ECO分析法,分析菌株次生代谢产物对罹烟草青枯病土壤酶活性和微生物代谢的影响。结合形态学观察结果和序列对比分析鉴定该分泌型铁载体真菌为百岁兰曲霉(Aspergillus welwitschiae);菌株分泌型铁载体的化学结构类型为羧酸盐型(carboxylates),铁载体活性为78.79%。菌株次生代谢产物可显著提高土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性(P<0.05),分别提高13.7%和14.46%;菌株次生代谢产物亦可显著提高碳源利用能力:平均颜色变化率(average well color development,AWCD)和多样性指数(Shannon指数和Richness指数),分别提高86.15%、50.43%和66.67%。原始森林土壤环境贮藏铁载体微生物资源,利用菌株分泌型铁载体介导改善土壤微生物群落生理生化功能是实施土壤生态系统的优化管理的重要技术手段。

牛磺鹅去氧胆酸对FLS细胞中GR介导的HSP 90基因表达的影响

采用实时荧光定量PCR法分析了牛磺鹅去氧胆酸(taurochenodeoxycholic acid,TCDCA)对佐剂性关节炎模型(adjuvant arthritis,AA)大鼠成纤维滑膜细胞(fibroblast-like synoviocytes,FLS)中由糖皮质激素受体(glucocorticoid receptor,GR)介导的热休克蛋白90基因(heat shock protein 90 gene,HSP90)mRNA表达的影响。结果表明,TCDCA可以极显著性(P<0.01)下调FLS细胞内HSP 90 mRNA的表达,同时加入GR的特异性抑制剂RU486后可抑制TCDCA对HSP 90 mRNA的作用。由此证明了TCDCA是通过GR受体发挥抗炎和免疫调节作用的。

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定牛可食性组织中红霉素的残留

目的:建立测定牛可食性组织中红霉素残留的高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS),为动物性食品中牛可食性组织残留的监督检验和残留监控提供技术支持。方法:用乙腈提取,正己烷除脂离心后用0.22μm的有机针孔滤膜过滤,采用日本资生堂CAPCELL PAK MGⅡ-C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm)色谱柱。流动相为乙腈-0.5%氨水(92∶8),流速为0.5 mL·min-1,柱温为30℃,进样量为5μL,采用电喷雾离子源ESI,正离子模式,选择MRM多反应监测等质谱条件进行样品检测。结果:红霉素的保留时间为5.967 min,峰形良好、无杂峰干扰,并在5~200 ng·mL^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r^2=0.990 0,n=5)。低、中、高3个浓度的平均回收率在84.6%~107.6%之间,批内精密度<9%,批间精密度<10%,检测下限为5μg·kg^-1,定量下限为20μg·kg^-1,符合检测要求。结论:本文建立的LC-MS/MS检测方法灵敏度高、稳定性好,可用于检测牛可食性组织中的红霉素。

Recent advances in phytochemistry and pharmacology of C_(21) steroid constituents from Cynanchum plants

Cynanchum is one of the most important genera in Asclepiadaceae family, which has long been known for its therapeutic effects. In this genus, 16 species are of high medicinal value. The extracts of the root and/or rhizome parts have been applied in traditional Chinese medicines(TCM) for the prevention and treatment of various illnesses for centuries. C21 steroids, as the typical constituents of Cynanchum species, possess a variety of structures and pharmacological activities. This review summarizes the comprehensive information on phytochemistry and pharmacology of C21 steroid constituents from Cynanchum plants, based on reports published between 2007 and 2015. Our aim is to provide a rationale for their therapeutic application, and to discuss the future trends in research and development of these compounds. A total of 172 newly identified compounds are reviewed according to their structural classifications. Their in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies are also reviewed and discussed, focusing on antitumor, antidepressant, antifungal, antitaging, Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitory, appetite suppressing and antiviral activities. Future research efforts should concentrate on in vitro and in vivo biological studies and structure activity relationship of various C21 steroid constituents.

Mining chemodiversity from biodiversity:pharmacophylogeny of medicinal plants of Ranunculaceae

This paper reports a pharmacophylogenetic study of a medicinal plant family,Ranunculaceae,investigating the correlations between their phylogeny,chemical constituents,and pharmaceutical properties.Phytochemical,ethnopharmacological,and pharmacological data were integrated in the context of the systematics and molecular phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae.The chemical components of this family included several representative metabolic groups:benzylisoquinoline alkaloids,ranunculin,triterpenoid saponin,and diterpene alkaloids,among others.Ranunculin and magnoflorine were found to coexist in some genera.The pharmacophylogenetic analysis,integrated with therapeutic information,agreed with the taxonomy proposed previously,in which the family Ranunculaceae was divided into five sub-families:Ranunculoideae,Thalictroideae,Coptidoideae,Hydrastidoideae,and Glaucidioideae.It was plausible to organize the sub-family Ranunculoideae into ten tribes.The chemical constituents and therapeutic efficacy of each taxonomic group were reviewed,revealing the underlying connections between phylogeny,chemical diversity,and clinical use,which should facilitate the conservation and sustainable utilization of the pharmaceutical resources derived from the Ranunculaceae.

Recent Advance in Chemical and Biological Studies on Cimicifugeae Pharmaceutical Resources

Cimicifugeae is one of the rich sources for various active components and the health promoting and therapeutic values of the components have been corroborated by long-term use in folk medicine and traditional Chinese medicine.Increasing interest in Cimicifugeae pharmaceutical resources has led to the further discoveries of triterpenoid saponins, phenolic compounds, chromones, and many other compounds in various species of Cimicifugeae, and to the investigations on their chemotaxonomy, molecular phylogeny, and bioactivities. Based on our pharmacophylogenetic studies, the progress in phytochemistry, chemotaxonomy, molecular biology, and phylogeny of Cimicifugeae had been summarized since 2007, especially Cimicifuga L. ex Wernisch. and Actaea L., and their relevance to therapeutic efficacy. An exhaustive literature survey is used to characterize the global scientific effort in the phytochemical and biological studies of Cimicifugeae. More triterpenoid saponins have been found in various species, among which the cimigenol type(type A) is predominant. The versatile bioactivities of saponins and extracts,as well as those of phenolics and other ingredients, were summarized and discussed. The morphology-based five-genus classification of Cimicifugeae is not supported by molecular phylogeny. Molecular phylogeny based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences tends to merge Cimicifuga Wernisch., Souliea Franch., and Actaea L. into a single genus. It is indispensable to integrate the emerging technologies into Cimicifugeae research for both the sustainable utilization of Cimicifugeae pharmaceutical resources and finding novel compounds with potential clinical utility and less adverse effects. Systems biology and omics technologies would play an increasingly important role in booming pharmaceutical research involving bioactive compounds of Cimicifugeae.

Ethnopharmacology,chemodiversity,and bioactivity of Cephalotaxus medicinal plants

Cephalotaxus is the only genus of Cephalotaxaceae family,and its natural resources are declining due to habitat fragmentation,excessive exploitation and destruction.In many areas of China,folk herbal doctors traditionally use Cephalotaxus plants to treat innominate swollen poison,many of which are cancer.Not only among Han people,but also among minority ethnic groups,Cephalotaxus is used to treat various diseases,e.g.,cough,internal bleeding and cancer in Miao medicine,bruises,rheumatism and pain in Yao medicine,and ascariasis,hookworm disease,scrofula in She medicine,etc.Medicinal values of some Cephalotaxus species and compounds are acknowledged officially.However,there is a lack of comprehensive review summarizing the ethnomedicinal knowledge o f Cephalotaxus,relevant medicinal phytometabolites and their bioactivities.The research progresses in ethnopharmacology,chemodiversity,and bioactivities of Cephalotaxus medicinal plants are reviewed and commented here.Knowledge gaps are pinpointed and future research directions are suggested.Classic medicinal books,folk medicine books,herbal manuals and ethnomedicinal publications were reviewed for the genus Cephalotaxus(Sanjianshan in Chinese).The relevant data about ethnobotany,phytochemistry,and pharmacology were collected as comprehensively as possible from online databases including Scopus,NCBI PubMed,Bing Scholar,and China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI).44 Cephalotaxus"',and the respective species name were used as keywords in database search.The obtained articles of the past six decades were collated and analyzed.Four Cephalotaxus species are listed in the official medicinal book in China.They are used as ethnomedicines by many ethnic groups such as Miao,Yao,Dong,She and Han.Inspirations are obtained from traditional applications,and Cephalotaxus phytometabolites are developed into anticancer reagents.Cephalotaxine-type alkaloids,homoerythrina-type alkaloids and homoharringtonine(HHT)are abundant in Cephalotaxus,e.g.,C.lanceolata,C.fortunei var.alpina,C.griffithii,and C.hainanensis,etc.New methods of alkaloid analysis and purification are continuously developed and applied.Diterpenoids,sesquiterpenoids,flavonoids,lignans,phenolics,and other components are also identified and isolated in various Cephalotaxus species.Alkaloids such as HHT,terpenoids and other compounds have anticancer activities against multiple types of human cancer.Cephalotaxus extracts and compounds showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities,immunomodulatory activity,antimicrobial activity and nematotoxicity,antihyperglycemic effect,and bone effect,etc.Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies o f Cephalotaxus are increasing.We should continue to collect and sort out folk medicinal knowledge of Cephalotaxus and associated organisms,so as to obtain new enlightenment to translate traditional tips into great therapeutic drugs.Transcriptomics,genomics,metabolomics and proteomics studies can contribute massive information for bioactivity and phytochemistry of Cephalotaxus medicinal plants.We should continue to strengthen the application of state-of-the-art technologies in more Cephalotaxus species and for more useful compounds and pharmacological activities.

Mining Therapeutic Efficacy from Treasure Chest of Biodiversity and Chemodiversity:Pharmacophylogeny of Ranunculales Medicinal Plants

Ranunculales,comprising of 7families that are rich in medicinal species frequently utilized by traditional medicine and ethnomedicine,represents a treasure chest of biodiversity and chemodiversity.The phylogenetically related species often have similar chemical profile,which makes them often possess similar therapeutic spectrum.Thishas been validatedby both ethnomedicinal experiences and pharmacological investigations.This paper summarizes molecular phylogeny,chemical constituents,and therapeutic applications of Ranunculales,i.e.,a pharmacophylogeny study of this representative medicinal order.The phytochemistryl metabolome,ethnomedicine and bioactivity/pharmacology data are incorporated within the phylogenetic framework of Ranunculales.The most studied compounds of this order include benzylisoquinoline alkaloid,flavonoid,terpenoid,saponin and lignan,etc.Bisbenzylisoquinolinealkaloids are especially abundant in Berberidaceae and Menispermaceae.The most frequent ethnomedicinal uses are arthritis,heat-clearing and detoxification,carbuncle-abscess and sore-toxin.The most studied bioactivities are anticancer/cytotoxic,antimicrobial,and anti-inflammatory activities,etc.The pharmacophylogeny analysis,integrated with both traditional and modern medicinal uses,agrees with the molecular phylogeny based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences,in which Ranunculales is divided into Ranunculaceae,Berberidaceae,Menispermaceae,Lardizabalaceae,Circaeasteraceae,Papaveraceae,and Eupteleaceaefamilies.Chemical constituents and therapeutic efficacy of each taxonomic group are reviewed and the underlying connection between phylogeny,chemodiversityand clinical uses is revealed,which facilitate the conservation and sustainable utilization of Ranunculales pharmaceutical resources,as well as developing novel plant-based pharmacotherapy.