黄土高塬沟壑区综合治理试验示范成果评述与高质量发展研究展望——以陕西省长武县王东沟小流域30a多治理实践为例

[目的]研究黄土高塬沟壑区典型小流域综合治理的成效以及生态文明建设时期面临的问题,旨在为该区域高质量发展提供理论支持和实践经验.[方法]以陕西省长武县王东沟小流域综合治理试验示范研究实践为例,基于1986年以来的监测和研究资料,总结分析了该流域30 a多来不同时段在生态环境、土地生产力和农民经济收入等方面的变化.[结果]王东沟小流域综合治理过程存在明显的阶段性.①综合治理阶段(1986-1995).以提高土地生产力为突破口,重点提高粮食产量和人均经济收入.同时从塬面到沟道综合整治水土流失,合理开发利用土地.②生态保护阶段(1996-2005).更新与升级粮果管理措施,保护和改善生态环境,进一步稳定和提高了土地生产力.③高质量发展试验示范研究阶段(2006-2019).以王东沟小流域为试点,从发展绿色高效技术的角度进行研究和示范,探索适合小流域内涵式高质量绿色发展的技术体系,为黄土高塬沟壑区的高质量发展奠定基础.[结论]为实现黄土高塬沟壑区的高质量发展,必须在生态文明理念指引下,重点研究流域生态管理和技术创新体制和机制建设,在总体控制水土流失基础上,保障人居环境的生态性,社会经济系统发展的可持续性以及流域生态系统结构和功能的和谐与完整性.

基于最小数据集的黄土高原矿区复垦土壤质量评价

矿产开发影响了土壤质量,特别是在黄土高原生态脆弱地区。通过植被恢复能够改善矿区复垦土壤质量。为了揭示矿区复垦土壤质量在植被恢复过程中的变化,该文以黑岱沟矿区排土场不同恢复年限不同植被类型、未复垦地和周边自然植被恢复区为研究对象,选取21项理化生指标作为总数据集(totaldataset,TDS),运用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)结合Norm值构建评价指标最小数据集(minimum data set,MDS),通过非线性(non-Linear,NL)和线性(linear,L)两种评价方法对研究区土壤质量进行了评价。研究表明:黄土高原北部典型矿区复垦土壤质量评价指标MDS包括粉粒百分比、有机质、速效磷、钠吸附比和微生物碳;2种评价方法下,植被恢复均对复垦土壤质量指数(soil quality index,SQI)有了显著提升(P <0.05),复垦20 a灌木SQI高于复垦10 a灌木SQI,复垦12 a草本SQI高于复垦20 a草本SQI,然而所有复垦土壤SQI均未达到自然植被恢复土壤SQI;由于非线性土壤质量评价方法(SQI-NL)具有更大的土壤质量指数变化区间和变异系数,此外,在SQI-NL和线性土壤质量(SQI-L)评价两种方法下,MDS和TDS之间决定系数分别为0.911和0.866,因此,非线性土壤质量评价方法在该区域具有更好的适用性,并且最小数据集能够较准确地进行土壤质量评价。

植被恢复对黄土高原矿区重构土壤理化性质、酶活性以及真菌群落的影响

[目的]研究黄土高原矿区重构土壤植被恢复对土壤理化性质、酶活性以及真菌群落的影响,准确评价植被恢复对该地区的土壤生态恢复效果。[方法]在内蒙古自治区准格尔旗选择3种典型植被恢复类型(灌木、乔木、草地)和未复垦地采集0-20 cm土壤样品,采用扩增子测序技术分析了土壤真菌多样性和群落组成,同时结合土壤理化性质探讨了不同植被恢复类型影响真菌群落多样性的重要因素。[结果]①与未复垦地相比,3种典型植被恢复类型不仅对土壤理化性质和酶活性均有明显提升,还提高了土壤真菌可操作分类单元(OUTs)和多样性指数,且差异显著,以灌木的效果最好。②真菌主要菌门相对丰度在各样地变化趋势为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)>担子菌门(Basidiomycota)>球囊菌门(Glomeromycota),相对丰度之和已超过50%,土壤真菌群落结构在4个样地之间保持了一定的稳定性。③土壤含水量为影响真菌群落结构的最主要因素。[结论]植被恢复影响土壤理化性质、酶活性及真菌群落多样性,黄土高原矿区生态恢复是一个漫长的过程,在生态恢复过程中,宜种植灌木来改善重构土壤的生态环境。

黄土区废弃钻井液对苜蓿产量和品质的影响

以长庆油田废弃钻井液回填法处理后井场生长的苜蓿为研究对象,研究了废弃钻井液对苜蓿的产量、重金属含量、品质和氨基酸的影响。结果表明,废弃钻井液处理场生长的苜蓿Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg和Cu等重金属含量均在GB130782017安全范围内,重金属未超标;废弃钻井液对苜蓿有明显的增产作用,苜蓿产量增加了730.20kg/hm^2,增长了21.6%。苜蓿品质也得到明显提升,其中粗蛋白总量增加24.87kg/hm^2,粗脂肪总量增加3.34kg/hm^2,淀粉总量增加9.61kg/hm^2,还原性糖总量增加45.92kg/hm^2,粗纤维含量有所降低。氨基酸总量增加3.6%,必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸含量分别增长了1.2%和2.3%。

施用腐殖酸肥料对猕猴桃果实品质和产量的影响

为探求腐殖酸叶面肥在猕猴桃果树上施用的最佳质量浓度,以‘徐香’猕猴桃为试验材料,研究不同质量浓度腐殖酸叶面肥对猕猴桃果实品质和产量的影响。设置5个质量浓度梯度处理:处理1(腐殖酸0g/L),处理2(腐殖酸0.15g/L),处理3(腐殖酸0.3g/L),处理4(腐殖酸0.45g/L),处理5(腐殖酸0.6g/L),每个处理3个重复。于2017年猕猴桃坐果后10d、20d、30d共喷施3次,每次喷施量为200L/667m^2。结果表明:腐殖酸质量浓度过高或过低均不能使果实产量与品质达到最优,综合产量与品质,处理3质量浓度最优。回归拟合结果为产量和品质各指标与腐殖酸质量浓度均存在显著的二次相关关系,产量最高时腐殖酸质量浓度为0.349g/L,果实品质各指标最优时腐殖酸质量浓度均为0.3～0.4g/L。

施用腐植酸对小麦生长和(土娄)土理化性质的影响

为解决陕西(土娄)土地区自然侵蚀严重、土壤肥力有限、水分短缺等问题。以"开麦18"为研究对象,设置5个腐植酸固体肥不同施用水平,对不同施肥水平对土壤物、化性状和小麦生长指标的影响进行研究。结果表明:1 200 kg/hm^(2),1 600 kg/hm^(2)水平下,腐植酸固体肥可以显著提高土壤中有机质的含量,800 kg/hm^(2),1 200 kg/hm^(2),1 600 kg/hm^(2)对土壤速效磷、速效钾均有显著提高,对土壤pH有着显著的降低效果。施用腐植酸肥料对小麦生长指标均有显著提高,通过对腐植酸施用浓度与生长指标的回归方程求解,得出在667~1 122 kg/hm^(2)施肥区间使用腐植酸肥料可获得最佳产量。

钻井废弃物对黄土区谷子和高粱产量和品质的影响

为了探明钻井废弃物处置场地对其上作物生长的利弊,将长庆油田钻井废弃物回填法处理后井场生长的谷子和高粱作为研究对象,研究钻井废弃物对谷子和高粱产量、重金属含量、作物品质和氨基酸的影响。结果表明,钻井废弃物处理场上生长的谷子和高粱Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg等重金属含量处于安全范围内;与对照相比,钻井废弃物生长谷子和高粱产量增加明显,谷子产量增加了585 kg·hm^(-2),高粱产量增加了900 kg·hm^(-2)。与对照相比,对谷子和高粱品质提升较小钻井废弃物对谷子和高粱必需和非必需氨基酸均有增加作用,但增加效果不明显。两种作物的必须氨基酸中的赖氨酸含量增加较多,非必需氨基酸中天冬氨酸和谷氨酸增加较多。因此,本试验中钻井废弃物可以明显的增加作物产量,对作物氨基酸含量增加较小,重金属未超标,符合安全标准。

Changes in aggregate-associated organic carbon and nitrogen after 27 years of fertilization in a dryland alfalfa grassland on the Loess Plateau of China

Changes in the distribution of soil aggregate sizes and concentrations of aggregate-associated organic carbon （OC） and nitrogen （N） in response to the fertilization of grasslands are not well understood. Understanding these changes is essential to the sustainable development of artificial grasslands. For understanding these changes, we collected soil samples at 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths from a semi-arid artificial alfalfa grassland after 27 years of applications of phosphorus （P） and nitrogen＋phosphorus＋manure （NPM） fertilizers on the Loess Pla- teau of China. The distribution of aggregate sizes and the concentrations and stocks of OC and N in total soils were determined. The results showed that NPM treatment significantly increased the proportions of 〉2.0 mm and 2.0-0.25 mm size fractions, the mean geometric diameter （MGD） and the mean weight diameter （MWD） in the 0-20 cm layer. Phosphorous fertilizer significantly increased the proportion of 〉2.0 mm size fractions, the MGD and the MWD in the 0-20 cm layer. Long-term application of fertilization （P and NPM） resulted in the accumulation of OC and N in soil aggregates. The largest changes in aggregate-associated OC and N in the 0-20 cm layer were found at the NPM treatment, whereas the largest changes in the 20-40 cm layer were found at the P treatment. The results suggest that long-term fertilization in the grassland leads to the accumulation of OC and N in the coarse size fractions and the redistribution of OC and N from fine size fractions to coarse size fractions.

Changes in Soil Iron Fractions and Availability in the Loess Belt of Northern China After 28 Years of Continuous Cultivation and Fertilization

Iron(Fe) deficiency in calcareous soils of the Loess Plateau of China is a wide spread issue and primarily affects agricultural production due to the relatively higher soil pH and carbonate content. Understanding the relationships between Fe distribution in soil fractions, Fe availability, and their responses to cropping and fertilization could provide essential information for assessing Fe availability in soils and managing soils to improve Fe availability. A long-term field experiment was established in 1984 in a split-plot design using cropping systems as main plots and fertilizer treatments as subplots on a farmland in the Loess Plateau. The cropping systems included fallow, continuous wheat cropping, continuous alfalfa cropping, continuous maize cropping, and a rotation system that included a legume. Various fertilization treatments using chemical and/or manure fertilizers were included in each cropping system. Soil samples were collected from 0–10 and 20–40 cm depths in 2012. Long-term planting of crops significantly increased the concentrations of available Fe in the soils. The largest increase was observed in the continuous alfalfa cropping system. Long-term cropping significantly increased the concentrations of Fe associated with carbonates and organic matter, but decreased the concentration of Fe associated with minerals in the soils. The effect of fertilization on the distribution of Fe in the soil fractions varied with cropping system and soil depth. The fertilization treatment with manure generally increased the concentrations of Fe associated with the soil fractions.Long-term cropping and fertilization in the highland farmland significantly affected the availability of Fe and the distribution of Fe fractions in the soil.

Dynamics and Availability of Different Pools of Manganese in Semiarid Soils as Affected by Cropping System and Fertilization

Manganese(Mn) deficiencies are common in soils on the Loess Plateau of China. This research provided essential information on improving Mn availability in semiarid soils through agricultural practices. Twelve cropping system and fertilization treatments were designed in a 28-year experiment. The cropping systems included long-term fallow, continuous winter wheat cropping, pea(1 year)-winter wheat(2 years)-millet(1 year) rotation(crop-legume rotation) cropping, and continuous alfalfa cropping. The fertilizer treatments under the cropping systems included no-fertilizer control(CK), application of P fertilizer(P), application of N and P fertilizers(NP), and application of N and P fertilizers and manure(NPM), but the NP treatment was excluded in the continuous alfalfa cropping system. Available Mn and Mn fractions of soil samples(0–20 and 20–40 cm depths) were measured and further analyzed quantitatively using path analyses. Results showed that the crop-legume rotation and continuous alfalfa cropping systems significantly increased available Mn compared with the fallow soil. Compared with the no-fertilizer control, manure application increased available Mn in soil of the continuous wheat cropping system. Across all treatments, the averaged content of mineral-, oxide-, carbonateand organic matter-bound and exchangeable Mn accounted for 42.08%, 38.59%, 10.05%, 4.59%, and 0.09% of the total Mn in soil,respectively. Cropping significantly increased exchangeable Mn in soil and the highest increase was 185.7% in the continuous wheat cropping system at 0–20 cm depth, compared with the fallow soil. Fertilization generally increased exchangeable and carbonate-bound Mn in soil. Carbonate-bound Mn was the main and direct source of available Mn in soil, followed by exchangeable and organic matterbound Mn. These results indicated that crop-legume rotation cropping, continuous alfalfa cropping and application of manure, have the potential to promote Mn availability in soils of rainfed farmlands.